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      Diversity, Form, and Postembryonic Development of Paleozoic Insects

      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5
      Publication date Created:
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      Journal: Annual Review of Entomology
      Publisher: Annual Reviews

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          Abstract

          While Mesozoic, Paleogene, and Neogene insect faunas greatly resemble the modern one, the Paleozoic fauna provides unique insights into key innovations in insect evolution, such as the origin of wings and modifications of postembryonic development including holometaboly. Deep-divergence estimates suggest that the majority of contemporary insect orders originated in the Late Paleozoic, but these estimates reflect divergences between stem groups of each lineage rather than the later appearance of the crown groups. The fossil record shows the initial radiations of the extant hyperdiverse clades during the Early Permian, as well as the specialized fauna present before the End Permian mass extinction. This review summarizes the recent discoveries related to the documented diversity of Paleozoic hexapods, as well as current knowledge about what has actually been verified from fossil evidence as it relates to postembryonic development and the morphology of different body parts.

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          Phylogenomics resolves the timing and pattern of insect evolution.

          Bernhard Misof, Shanlin Liu, Karen Meusemann … (2014)
          Insects are the most speciose group of animals, but the phylogenetic relationships of many major lineages remain unresolved. We inferred the phylogeny of insects from 1478 protein-coding genes. Phylogenomic analyses of nucleotide and amino acid sequences, with site-specific nucleotide or domain-specific amino acid substitution models, produced statistically robust and congruent results resolving previously controversial phylogenetic relations hips. We dated the origin of insects to the Early Ordovician [~479 million years ago (Ma)], of insect flight to the Early Devonian (~406 Ma), of major extant lineages to the Mississippian (~345 Ma), and the major diversification of holometabolous insects to the Early Cretaceous. Our phylogenomic study provides a comprehensive reliable scaffold for future comparative analyses of evolutionary innovations among insects. Copyright © 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
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            A Total-Evidence Approach to Dating with Fossils, Applied to the Early Radiation of the Hymenoptera

            Fredrik Ronquist, Seraina Klopfstein, Lars Vilhelmsen … (2012)
            Phylogenies are usually dated by calibrating interior nodes against the fossil record. This relies on indirect methods that, in the worst case, misrepresent the fossil information. Here, we contrast such node dating with an approach that includes fossils along with the extant taxa in a Bayesian total-evidence analysis. As a test case, we focus on the early radiation of the Hymenoptera, mostly documented by poorly preserved impression fossils that are difficult to place phylogenetically. Specifically, we compare node dating using nine calibration points derived from the fossil record with total-evidence dating based on 343 morphological characters scored for 45 fossil (4--20 complete) and 68 extant taxa. In both cases we use molecular data from seven markers (∼5 kb) for the extant taxa. Because it is difficult to model speciation, extinction, sampling, and fossil preservation realistically, we develop a simple uniform prior for clock trees with fossils, and we use relaxed clock models to accommodate rate variation across the tree. Despite considerable uncertainty in the placement of most fossils, we find that they contribute significantly to the estimation of divergence times in the total-evidence analysis. In particular, the posterior distributions on divergence times are less sensitive to prior assumptions and tend to be more precise than in node dating. The total-evidence analysis also shows that four of the seven Hymenoptera calibration points used in node dating are likely to be based on erroneous or doubtful assumptions about the fossil placement. With respect to the early radiation of Hymenoptera, our results suggest that the crown group dates back to the Carboniferous, ∼309 Ma (95% interval: 291--347 Ma), and diversified into major extant lineages much earlier than previously thought, well before the Triassic. [Bayesian inference; fossil dating; morphological evolution; relaxed clock; statistical phylogenetics.]
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              How Many Species of Insects and Other Terrestrial Arthropods Are There on Earth?

              Nigel E. Stork (2018)
              In the last decade, new methods of estimating global species richness have been developed and existing ones improved through the use of more appropriate statistical tools and new data. Taking the mean of most of these new estimates indicates that globally there are approximately 1.5 million, 5.5 million, and 7 million species of beetles, insects, and terrestrial arthropods, respectively. Previous estimates of 30 million species or more based on the host specificity of insects to plants now seem extremely unlikely. With 1 million insect species named, this suggests that 80% remain to be discovered and that a greater focus should be placed on less-studied taxa such as many families of Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera and on poorly sampled parts of the world. DNA tools have revealed many new species in taxonomically intractable groups, but unbiased studies of previously well-researched insect faunas indicate that 1-2% of species may be truly cryptic.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Annual Review of Entomology
                Abbreviated Title: Annu. Rev. Entomol.
                Publisher: Annual Reviews
                ISSN (Print): 0066-4170
                ISSN (Electronic): 1545-4487
                Publication date Created: January 23 2023
                Publication date (Print): January 23 2023
                Volume: 68
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 401-429
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic;
                [2 ]Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France;
                [3 ]Division of Entomology, University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Lawrence, Kansas, USA;
                [4 ]Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
                [5 ]Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
                Article
                DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-022637
                SO-VID: ac594d3f-6422-4d30-b123-f3693ffb50f7
                Copyright © © 2023
                License:

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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