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      Transferência de embriões em éguas receptoras anovulatórias Translated title: Embryo transfer in anovulatory recipient mares Translated title: Transferencia de embriones en yeguas receptoras anovulatorias

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          Abstract

          Resumo: Este artigo discute os principais aspectos do uso de protocolos hormonais baseados na aplicação de estrógeno seguido de progestágenos em receptoras anovulatórias o acíclicas, seja em anestro ou transição nos protocolos de transferência de embriões. A maioria das éguas apresentam comportamento poliéstrico estacional, com o que manifestam estro e ciclos ovulatórios nos períodos de maior luminosidade diária. O ciclo reprodutivo anual das éguas é caracterizado pela presença de quatro fases definidas pela dinâmica folicular: de anestro, de transição de primavera, ovulatória e de transição de outono. Durante as fases de transição e anestro, a incidência das ovulações diminui ou é nula, ou que dificulta a sincronização das ovulações entre doadoras e receptoras durante a preparação para a transferência de embriões. Alguns estudos mostram que as receptoras anovulatórias/acíclicas mantidas com protocolos com base em esteroides apresentam mudanças uterinas similares às que acontecem nas éguas gestantes. Contudo, não há pesquisas suficientes que permitam esclarecer o melhor protocolo de esteroides, no que se refere à dose, tempos de tratamento e vias de administração.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: This article discusses the main aspects of using hormonal protocols based on the application of estrogen followed by progestogen in anovulatory or acyclic recipients, either in anestrous or transition in embryo transfer protocols. Most mares demonstrate seasonally polyestrous behavior, by which they manifest estrus and ovulatory cycles during periods of higher daily luminosity. The annual reproductive cycle of mares is characterized by the presence of four phases defined by follicular dynamics: anestrous, spring transition, ovulatory, and autumn transition. During the phases of transition and anestrous, the incidence of ovulations decreases or is zero, making it difficult to synchronize ovulations between donors and recipients in preparation for embryo transfer. Some studies have shown that anovulatory/acyclic recipient mares managed with steroid-based protocols have similar uterine changes to those observed in pregnant mares. However, there is no sufficient research to allow to clarify the best steroid protocol with respect to dose, treatment times, and routes of administration.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen: Este artículo discute los principales aspectos del uso de protocolos hormonales basados en la aplicación de estrógeno seguido de progestágeno en receptoras anovulatorias o acíclicas, sea en anestro o transición en los protocolos de transferencia de embriones. La mayoría de las yeguas presentan comportamiento poliéstrico estacional, con lo que manifiestan estro y ciclos ovulatorios en los periodos de mayor luminosidad diaria. El ciclo reproductivo anual de las yeguas es caracterizado por la presencia de cuatro fases definidas por la dinámica folicular: de anestro, de transición de primavera, ovulatoria y de transición de otoño. Durante las fases de transición y anestro, la incidencia de las ovulaciones disminuye o es nula, lo que dificulta la sincronización de las ovulaciones entre donadoras y receptoras durante la preparación para la transferencia de embriones. Algunos estudios han mostrado que las receptoras anovulatorias/acíclicas mantenidas con protocolos con base en esteroides presentan cambios uterinos similares a los que pasan en las yeguas gestantes. Sin embargo, no hay investigaciones suficientes que permitan aclarar el mejor protocolo de esteroides, con respecto a dosis, tiempos de tratamiento y vías de administración.

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          Most cited references52

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          Luteal deficiency and embryo mortality in the mare.

          W Allen (2001)
          Four separate components combine to produce the progesterone and biologically active 5 alpha-reduced pregnanes needed to maintain pregnancy in the mare. The primary corpus luteum (CL) is prolonged beyond its cyclical lifespan by the down-regulation of endometrial oxytocin receptors to prevent activation of the luteolytic pathway and its waning progesterone production is supplemented from day 40 of gestation by the formation of a series of accessory CL which develop in the maternal ovaries as a result of the gonadotrophic actions of pituitary FSH and the equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG). From around day 100 the allantochorion secretes progesterone and progestagens directly to the endometrium and underlying myometrium and, in the last month of gestation, the enlarging foetal adrenal gland secretes appreciable quantities of pregnenelone which is also utilized by the placenta to synthesize progestagens. Between 10 and 15% of mares undergo foetal death and abortion at some time in gestation and the majority of these losses occur during the first 40 days of gestation when the primary CL is the sole source of progesterone. Yet, all the available evidence suggests that untoward luteolysis is not common in this period and the losses that do occur have other underlying causes. Beyond day 40 the secondary CL receive powerful luteotrophic support from eCG and from day 80-100 until term the supply organ (placenta) and target tissues (endometrium and myometrium) are in direct contact with each other over their entire surface. In the face of this interlocking and failsafe system for progestagen production throughout pregnancy, and despite a paucity of evidence that a deficiency of progesterone production is a cause of pregnancy loss in the mare, it is surprising, and worrying, that annually many thousands of pregnant mares throughout the world are given exogenous progestagen therapy during part or all of their gestation as a form of preventative insurance against the possibility of pregnancy failure. Basic investigative research is required urgently to validate or debunk the practice.
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            Photoperiodic versus metabolic signals as determinants of seasonal anestrus in the mare.

            The objectives of this study were to compare the timing and mechanisms controlling the onset of anestrus in young and mature mares treated either continuously with melatonin and in those that remained untreated. Changes in body weight, subcutaneous body fat measured to provide an estimate of total body fat, and circulating concentrations of leptin were compared throughout the 1-yr experimental period. The results demonstrate that in young mares the timing of anestrus occurs significantly earlier in the year than in mature mares and that mature mares are more likely to exhibit continuous reproductive activity during the nonbreeding season. The propensity of mature mares to exhibit this phenomenon is not modified by continuous treatment with melatonin but is associated with higher mean circulating concentrations of leptin, body weight, and estimated percent of body fat. In both young and mature mares, body weight, percent of body fat, and circulating concentrations of leptin are higher during summer than winter months. We conclude that, in the mare, the reproductive response to a decrease in photoperiod or a presumptive inhibitory melatonin signal is modified by energy availability, which may be signaled to the hypothalamus-pituitary axis via a change in the circulating concentration of leptin. An additional observation confirmed that the prolactin axis is responsive to continuous treatment with melatonin but that a suppression of prolactin secretion is limited to the spring months.
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              Factors affecting pregnancy rates and early embryonic death after equine embryo transfer.

              In the present study, 638 embryo transfers conducted over 3 yr were retrospectively examined to determine which factors (recipient, embryo and transfer) significantly influenced pregnancy and embryo loss rates and to determine how rates could be improved. On Day 7 or 8 after ovulation, embryos (fresh or cooled/transported) were transferred by surgical or nonsurgical techniques into recipients ovulating from 5 to 9 d before transfer. At 12 and 50 d of gestation (Day 0 = day of ovulation), pregnancy rates were 65.7% (419 of 638) and 55.5% (354 of 638). Pregnancy rates on Day 50 were significantly higher for recipients that had excellent to good uterine tone or were graded as "acceptable" during a pretransfer examination, usually performed 5 d after ovulation, versus recipients that had fair to poor uterine tone or were graded "marginally acceptable." Embryonic factors that significantly affected pregnancy rates were morphology grade, diameter and stage of development. The incidence of early embryonic death was 15.5% (65 of 419) from Days 12 to 50. Embryo loss rates were significantly higher in recipients used 7 or 9 d vs 5 or 6 d after ovulation. Embryos with minor morphological changes (Grade 2) resulted in more (P<0.05) embryo death than embryos with no morphological abnormalities (Grade 1). Between Days 12 and 50, the highest incidence of embryo death occurred during the interval from Days 17 to 25 of gestation. Embryonic vesicles that were imaged with ultrasound during the first pregnancy exam (5 d after transfer) resulted in significantly fewer embryonic deaths than vesicles not imaged until subsequent exams. In the present study, embryo morphology was predictive of the potential for an embryo to result in a viable pregnancy. Delayed development of the embryo upon collection from the donor or delayed development of the embryonic vesicle within the recipient's uterus was associated with a higher incidence of pregnancy failure. Recipient selection (age, day after ovulation, quality on Day 5) significantly affected pregnancy and embryo loss rates.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rmv
                Revista de Medicina Veterinaria
                Rev. Med. Vet.
                Universidad de La Salle (Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia )
                0122-9354
                January 2017
                : 0
                : 33
                : 137-147
                Affiliations
                [2] São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Brazil hdmogollong@ 123456fmvz.unesp.br
                [3] São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Brazil
                [1] São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Brazil
                [4] São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Brazil
                Article
                S0122-93542017000100137
                10.19052/mv.4061
                acf1c466-b732-4982-8aad-6c9efbf6d55c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 August 2015
                : 04 November 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 52, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Colombia


                anovulatory,acyclic,altrenogest,progestogens,progesterone.,anovulatórias,acíclicas,progestágenos,progesterona.,anovulatorias

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