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      Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Evaluation of Mental Foramen Variations: A Preliminary Study

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          Abstract

          Background. Mental foramen is important in surgical operations of premolars because it transfers the mental nerves and vessels. This study evaluated the variations of mental foramen by cone-beam computed tomography among a selected Iranian population. Materials and Methods. A total number of 180 cone-beam computed tomography projections were analyzed in terms of shape, size, direction, and horizontal and vertical positions of mental foramen in the right and left sides. Results. The most common shape was oval, opening direction was posterior-superior, horizontal position was in line with second premolar, and vertical position was apical to the adjacent dental root. The mean of foremen diameter was 3.59 mm. Conclusion. In addition to the most common types of mental foramen, other variations exist, too. Hence, it reflects the significance of preoperative radiographic examinations, especially 3-dimensional images to prevent nerve damage.

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          Morphometric analysis of implant-related anatomy in Caucasian skulls.

          Hom-Lay Wang, Ricardo Gapski, Rodrigo Neiva (2004)
          Sequelae related to implant placement/advanced bone grafting procedures are a result of injury to surrounding anatomic structures. Damage may not necessarily lead to implant failure; however, it is the most common cause of legal action against the practitioner. This study aimed to describe morphological aspects and variations of the anatomy directly related to implant treatment. Morphometric analyses were performed in 22 Caucasian skulls. Measurements of the mental foramen (MF) included height (MF-H), width (MF-W), and location in relation to other known anatomical landmarks. Presence or absence of anterior loops (AL) of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) was determined, and the mesial extent of the loop was measured. Additional measurements included height (G-H), width (G-W), thickness (G-T), and volume (G-V) of monocortical onlay grafts harvested from the mandibular symphysis area, and thickness of the lateral wall (T-LW) of the maxillary sinus. The independent samples t test, and a two-tailed t test with equal variance were utilized to determine statistical significance to a level of P < 0.05. Multiple regression analyses were performed to determine if each one of these measurements was affected by age and gender. The most common location of the MF in relation to teeth was found to be below the apices of mandibular premolars. The mean MF-H was 3.47 +/- 0.71 mm and the mean MF-W was 3.59 +/- 0.8 mm. The mean distance from the MF to other anatomical landmarks were: MF-CEJ = 15.52 +/- 2.37 mm, MF to the most apical portion of the lower cortex of the mandible = 12.0 +/- 1.67 mm, MF to the midline = 27.61+/- 2.29 mm, and MF-MF = 55.23 +/- 5.34 mm. A high prevalence of AL was found (88%); symmetric occurrence was a common finding (76.2%), with a mean length of 4.13 +/- 2.04 mm. The mean size of symphyseal grafts was: G-H = 9.45 +/- 1.08 mm, G-W = 14.5 +/- 3.0 mm, and G-T = 6.15 +/- 1.04 mm, with an average G-V of 857.55 +/- 283.97 mm3 (range: 352 to 1,200 mm3). The mean T-LW of the maxillary sinus was 0.91 +/- 0.43 mm. Implant-related anatomy must be carefully evaluated before treatment due to considerable variations among individuals, in order to prevent injury to surrounding anatomical structures and possible damage.
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            The location of the mental foramen in a selected Malay population.

            Yusof Yuzawati, Wei Cheong Ngeow (2003)
            Knowledge of the position of the mental foramen is important both when administering regional anesthesia and performing periapical surgery in the mental region of the mandible. This study determines the position of the mental foramen in a selected Malay population. One hundred and sixty nine panoramic radiographs of Malay patients retrieved from a minor oral surgery waiting list were selected to identify the normal range for the position of the mental foramen. The foramen was not included in the study if there was any mandibular tooth missing between the lower left and right first molars (36-46). The findings indicated the most common position for the mental foramen was in line with the longitudinal axis of the second premolar (69.2%) followed by a location between the first and second premolar (19.6%). The right and left foramina were bilaterally symmetrical in three of six recorded positions in 67.7% patients. The mental foramen was most often in line with the second premolar.
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              The position of the mental foramen: a comparison between the southern (Hong Kong) Chinese and other ethnic and racial groups.

              Douglas R. Green (1987)
              The anteroposterior position of the mental foramen in eighty-seven southern (Hong Kong) Chinese skulls was compared with that reported for other ethnic and racial groups. The average position was essentially in line with the longitudinal axis of the second premolar tooth, a result similar to that reported for other Mongoloid populations, just posterior to the position in Caucasoids and anterior to the position in Negroids. These observations do not support the statement made in the majority of textbooks on dental analgesia that the foramen is most commonly found between the apices of the premolar teeth.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Radiol Res Pract
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Radiol Res Pract
                Journal ID (publisher-id): RRP
                Title: Radiology Research and Practice
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2090-1941
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-195X
                Publication date (Print): 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 November 2015
                Volume: 2015
                Electronic Location Identifier: 124635
                Affiliations
                1Torabinejad Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
                2Dental Students Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8158974646, Iran
                Author notes
                *Mitra Karbasi Kheir: mastoor28@ 123456yahoo.com

                Academic Editor: Thomas Josef Vogl

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2015/124635
                PMC ID: 4644840
                PubMed ID: 26609432
                SO-VID: adae099d-2272-4d8d-98da-d95d7deadb71
                Copyright © Copyright © 2015 Mahnaz Sheikhi et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 17 June 2015
                Date revision received : 26 September 2015
                Date accepted : 28 September 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Radiology & Imaging
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Radiology & Imaging

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