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      Pharmaceutical care practice in patients with chronic kidney disease Translated title: Seguimiento farmacoterapéutico en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction: The impact of chronic kidney disease in health is no longer just a patient-physician issue, not only in terms of the increase in the number of patients diagnosed, but also regarding the human and economic cost for health systems. That is why Pharmaceutical Care should include SOPs structured by criteria reached by consensus to conduct Pharmaceutical Care Practice, which will enable to prevent, identify and solve any negative outcomes in patients that are associated with medication. Objectives: To learn about the types of problems related to medications and negative outcomes associated with drugs that can be detected, prevented and solved in patients with chronic kidney disease, through pharmaceutical care practice. Method: A quasi-experimental study was conducted, with a descriptive and retrospective design, in 47 hospitalized patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease in a high-complexity clinic. Using the DADER methodology, their pharmacological treatments were analyzed, and it was verified whether they were necessary, effective and safe, taking into account variables such as the negative outcomes associated with medication, medication-related problems, pharmaceutical interventions, and kidney failure stages. Results: Fifty-one (51) negative outcomes associated with medication were detected during the study; of these, 13.72% were for Necessity, 45.1% for Effectiveness and 41.18% for Safety. A total of 41 pharmaceutical interventions were conducted, 35 were accepted and 6 were not accepted. Of these 6 non-accepted interventions, 3 health problems were not solved, 12 dose readjustments were conducted, with cefepime as the drug with the highest number of dose adjustments; most patients were in Stage III and V of CKD, and its main cause was hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus II. Conclusion: The most prevalent NOMs were those for Non-Quantitative Insecurity, therefore these are a highly prevalent problem. This highlights the importance of this public health problem and its major clinical, social and economic impact, associated with Chronic Kidney Disease; therefore, it is necessary to involve all health professionals and patients, to obtain as a result a better use of medications, the prevention of NOMs and a reduction in morbidity associated with pharmacotherapy.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción: El impacto de la insuficiencia renal crónica en la salud ya dejó de ser solo un problema paciente-médico, no solo por el aumento del número de pacientes diagnosticados, sino por el costo humano y económico que ocasiona en los sistemas de salud. Es por ello que la Atención Farmacéutica debe incluir procedimientos normalizados de trabajo que se encuentren estructurados por criterios consensuados para realizar el Seguimiento Farmacoterapéutico, que permitirá la prevención, identificación y resolución de resultados negativos asociados a la medicación en los pacientes. Objetivos: Conocer los tipos de problemas relacionados con los medicamentos y los resultados negativos asociados a los medicamentos que se pueden detectar, prevenir y resolver en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica mediante el seguimiento farmacoterapéutico. Método: Se realizó un estudio de tipo cuasi experimental, con diseño descriptivo y retrospectivo, en 47 pacientes hospitalizados, diagnosticados de Insuficiencia Renal Crónica, en una clínica de alta complejidad, empleando la metodología DADER. Se analizaron sus tratamientos farmacológicos y se verificaron si estos fueron necesarios, efectivos y seguros, teniendo en cuenta variables como los resultados negativos asociados a la medicación, los problemas relacionados con la medicación, las intervenciones farmacéuticas y los estadios de la insuficiencia renal. Resultados: Se detectaron 51 resultados negativos asociados a la medicación durante el estudio, el 13,72% fueron de necesidad, el 45,1% de efectividad y el 41,18% de seguridad. Se realizaron un total de 41 intervenciones farmacéuticas, 35 fueron aceptadas y 6 no fueron aceptadas; de estas 6 intervenciones no aceptadas, 3 problemas de salud no se solucionaron, se realizaron 12 reajustes de dosis, siendo el cefepime el medicamento con mayor número de reajustes. El mayor número de pacientes se encontraban en el estadio III y V de la IRC y su causa principal era la HTA y la DM II. Conclusión: Los RNM de mayor prevalencia fueron los de inseguridad no cuantitativa, por tanto son un problema de elevada prevalencia, lo que pone de manifiesto la trascendencia de este problema de salud pública y de sus importantes repercusiones clínicas, sociales y económicas. Estas están asociadas a la insuficiencia renal crónica, por lo que es necesario involucrar a todos los profesionales sanitarios y los pacientes, para obtener como resultado una mejor utilización de los medicamentos, una prevención de los RNM y una reducción de la morbilidad asociada a la farmacoterapia.

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          Clinical pharmacy activities in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease patients: a systematic literature review

          Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) represent worldwide health problems with an epidemic extent. Therefore, attention must be given to the optimisation of patient care, as gaps in the care of CKD and ESRD patients are well documented. As part of a multidisciplinary patient care strategy, clinical pharmacy services have led to improvements in patient care. The purpose of this study was to summarise the available evidence regarding the role and impact of clinical pharmacy services for these patient populations. Methods A literature search was conducted using the Medline, Embase and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts databases to identify relevant studies on the impact of clinical pharmacists on CKD and ESRD patients, regarding disease-oriented and patient-oriented outcomes, and clinical pharmacist interventions on drug-related problems. Results Among a total of 21 studies, only four (19%) were controlled trials. The majority of studies were descriptive (67%) and before-after studies (14%). Interventions comprised general clinical pharmacy services with a focus on detecting, resolving and preventing drug-related problems, clinical pharmacy services with a focus on disease management, or clinical pharmacy services with a focus on patient education in order to increase medication knowledge. Anaemia was the most common comorbidity managed by clinical pharmacists, and their involvement led to significant improvement in investigated disease-oriented outcomes, for example, haemoglobin levels. Only four of the studies (including three controlled trials) presented data on patient-oriented outcomes, for example, quality of life and length of hospitalisation. Studies investigating the number and type of clinical pharmacist interventions and physician acceptance rates reported a mean acceptance rate of 79%. The most common reported drug-related problems were incorrect dosing, the need for additional pharmacotherapy, and medical record discrepancies. Conclusions Few high-quality trials addressing the benefit and impact of clinical pharmacy services in CKD and ESRD patients have been published. However, all available studies reported some positive impact resulting from clinical pharmacist involvement, including various investigated outcome measures that could be improved. Additional randomised controlled trials investigating patient-oriented outcomes are needed to further determine the role of clinical pharmacists and the benefits of clinical pharmacy services to CKD and ESRD patients.
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            Enfermedad renal crónica en atención primaria: prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados

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              Enfermedad renal crónica: clasificación, mecanismos de progresión y estrategias de renoprotección

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                fh
                Farmacia Hospitalaria
                Farm Hosp.
                Grupo Aula Médica (Toledo, Toledo, Spain )
                1130-6343
                2171-8695
                April 2017
                : 41
                : 2
                : 137-149
                Affiliations
                [1] Atlántico orgnameUniversidad del Atlántico Colombia
                [2] Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Granada Spain
                Article
                S1130-63432017000200137
                10.7399/fh.2017.41.2.10508
                ae20f0f1-7ee2-44fa-b657-c0372f5b171b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 October 2016
                : 10 March 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Insuficiencia renal crónica,Atención farmacéutica,Intervención farmacéutica,Chronic kidney disease,Pharmaceutical care,Pharmaceutical intervention

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