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      Klassen allgemeiner Wirkfaktoren der Psychotherapie und ihr Zusammenhang mit Therapietechniken

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          Abstract

          Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Bis heute wird die Frage, welche Faktoren für die Wirkung von Psychotherapie verantwortlich sind, kontrovers diskutiert. Im Zentrum dieser Diskussion stehen zwei vermeintlich gegensätzliche Wirkmodelle – das Modell spezifisch wirksamer Therapietechniken und das allgemeine Wirkfaktorenmodell. Allgemeine Wirkfaktoren und Therapietechniken sind konzeptuell jedoch auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen des Psychotherapieprozesses angesiedelt. An Stelle der Entweder-oder-Debatte sollte deshalb die Analyse ihres Zusammenwirkens in den Vordergrund rücken. Fragestellung: Mit Hilfe von Expertenratings wurde untersucht, ob sich verschiedene allgemeine Wirkfaktoren durch typische Zusammenhänge mit bestimmten Therapietechniken zu übergeordneten Klassen zusammenfassen lassen. Methode: 68 deutschsprachige Psychotherapieexperten schätzten in einer internetbasierten Umfrage ein, mit welchen spezifischen Therapietechniken verschiedene allgemeine Wirkfaktoren zusammenhängen. Mittels Faktorenanalyse wurde dann geprüft, welche Klassen von allgemeinen Wirkfaktoren sich durch bestimmte Muster von Technikzusammenhängen abbilden. Durch eine hierarchische Regressionsanalyse wurden zudem die Stärke und Richtung der Zusammenhänge zwischen einzelnen Wirkfaktorenklassen und den verschiedenen Techniken untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die Faktorenanalyse zeigt, dass den Zusammenhängen zwischen allgemeinen Wirkfaktoren und Techniken eine vierdimensionale Struktur unterliegt. Die vier Klassen von allgemeinen Wirkfaktoren hängen jeweils mit einer bestimmten Gruppe von Therapietechniken zusammen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Vielzahl allgemeiner Wirkfaktoren lässt sich mittels ihrer Operationalisierung durch Therapietechniken zusammenfassen.

          Classes of Common Factors of Psychotherapy and Their Associations With Therapy Techniques

          Abstract. Background: There is considerable disagreement as to what makes psychotherapy effective. The controversy about the comparative efficacy of different modalities of psychotherapy has generated two different major perspectives: the specific ingredients assumption and the common factors model. However, conceptual considerations suggest a synergistic view of common factors and specific techniques. Objective: Based on ratings of 68 German-speaking psychotherapy experts we examined whether the different common factors can be summarized among superordinate classes according to their associations with specific techniques. Method: Psychotherapy experts rated the degree of associations between various common factors and techniques in a web-based survey. A factor analysis was performed to analyze the dimensional structure of common factors, which underlies the rated associations between common factors and specific techniques. In addition, the strength, the direction, and the technical patterns of the different classes of common factors were analyzed by regression analysis. Results: The factor analysis revealed that common factors can be described by a four-dimensional structure. The four classes of common factors are characterized by a set of specifically associated techniques. Conclusion: The multitude of common factors can be reduced by a technique-related operationalization.

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          Most cited references26

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          Therapist adherence/competence and treatment outcome: A meta-analytic review.

          The authors conducted a meta-analytic review of adherence-outcome and competence-outcome findings, and examined plausible moderators of these relations. A computerized search of the PsycINFO database was conducted. In addition, the reference sections of all obtained studies were examined for any additional relevant articles or review chapters. The literature search identified 36 studies that met the inclusion criteria. R-type effect size estimates were derived from 32 adherence-outcome and 17 competence-outcome findings. Neither the mean weighted adherence-outcome (r = .02) nor competence-outcome (r = .07) effect size estimates were found to be significantly different from zero. Significant heterogeneity was observed across both the adherence-outcome and competence-outcome effect size estimates, suggesting that the individual studies were not all drawn from the same population. Moderator analyses revealed that larger competence-outcome effect size estimates were associated with studies that either targeted depression or did not control for the influence of the therapeutic alliance. One explanation for these results is that, among the treatment modalities represented in this review, therapist adherence and competence play little role in determining symptom change. However, given the significant heterogeneity observed across findings, mean effect sizes must be interpreted with caution. Factors that may account for the nonsignificant adherence-outcome and competence-outcome findings reported within many of the studies reviewed are addressed. Finally, the implication of these results and directions for future process research are discussed. (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved
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            Expanding the lens of evidence-based practice in psychotherapy: A common factors perspective.

            In this article, we examine the science and policy implications of the common factors perspective (CF; Frank & Frank, 1993; Wampold, 2007). As the empirically supported treatment (EST) approach, grounded in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), is the received view (see Baker, McFall, & Shoham, 2008; McHugh & Barlow, 2012), we make the case for the CF perspective as an additional evidence-based approach for understanding how therapy works, but also as a basis for improving the quality of mental health services. Finally, we argue that it is time to integrate the 2 perspectives, and we challenge the field to do so.
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              Some myths of psychotherapy research and the search for a paradigm.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                zkp
                Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie
                Forschung und Praxis
                Hogrefe Verlag, Göttingen
                1616-3443
                2190-6297
                2016
                : 45
                : 1
                : 1-13
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Bern
                Author notes
                Dr. phil. Mario Pfammatter, Prof. Dr. phil. Wolfgang Tschacher, Universität Bern, Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitäre Psychiatrische Dienste (UPD) Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, 3000 Bern 60, Schweiz, E-Mail mario.pfammatter@ 123456spk.unibe.ch
                Article
                10.1026/1616-3443/a000331
                ae33d222-13a3-4b90-ab74-27ef36b3856d
                Copyright @ 2016
                History
                Categories
                Originalarbeit

                Psychology,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                change mechanism,efficacy,psychotherapy,Allgemeine Wirkfaktoren,spezifische Psychotherapietechniken,Veränderungsprozess,Wirkmechanismus,Wirksamkeit,Psychotherapie,common factors,specific psychotherapy techniques,therapy process

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