Caracterización de las ectomicorrizas formadas por Laccaria trichodermophora y Suillus tomentosus en Pinus montezumae

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Abstract

Las especies del género Pinus tienen una gran dependencia ecológica hacia la asociación ectomicorrízica. Sin embargo, a pesar de la importancia de la ectomicorriza en los ecosistemas forestales las descripciones morfológicas disponibles de estas asociaciones son escasas. En el presente trabajo se realizó la primera caracterización morfológica macroscópica y microscópica de las ectomicorrizas formadas por Laccaria trichodermophora y Suillus tomentosus en Pinus montezumae. La síntesis de las micorrizas estudiadas se efectuó mediante la inoculación con esporas en un sustrato estéril, bajo condiciones de invernadero. Laccaria trichodermophora presentó ramificación de tipo coraloide con un grosor del manto de 46.05 μm; una longitud del sistema radical de 0.4 a 2.9 mm; sin rizomorfos. Suillus tomentosus presentó ramificación de tipo coraloide con un grosor del manto de 48.03 μm; una longitud del sistema radical entre 0.4 a 1.6 mm; sin rizomorfos. La mayoría de las características descritas concuerdan con las publicadas para los géneros Suillus y Lacccaria. El conocimiento de la morfología permitirá hacer una mejor detección rápida en estudios in vitro y ex situ de la micorriza formada por hongos útiles para la producción de inoculantes con fines de manejo y conservación de sistemas forestales.

Translated abstract

Species of the genus Pinus have a great ecological dependence on the ectomycorrhizal association. However, despite the importance of ectomycorrhiza in forest ecosystems morphological descriptions available of these associations are rare. In this paper the first macroscopic and microscopic morphological characterization of ectomycorrhiza formed by Laccaria trichodermophora and Suillus tomentosus in Pinus montezumae was performed. The synthesis of the studied mycorrhiza was performed by inoculation with spores in a sterile substrate under greenhouse conditions. Laccaria trichodermophora presented coraloide branch type, mantle with a thickness of 46.05 μm; length of the root system from 0.4 to 2.9 mm; without rhizomorphs. Suillus tomentosus presented coraloide branch type, mantle with a thickness of 48.03 μm; length of the root system from 0.4 to 1.6 mm; without rhizomorphs. Most of the characteristics described are consistent with those published for genus Suillus and Laccaria. Morphological knowledge will allow to perform a fast detection in in vitro and ex situ studies of the useful mycorrhiza formed to produce inoculants management and conservation of forest systems.

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Diversity and classification of mycorrhizal associations.

Mark Brundrett (2004)

Most mycorrhizas are 'balanced' mutualistic associations in which the fungus and plant exchange commodities required for their growth and survival. Myco-heterotrophic plants have 'exploitative' mycorrhizas where transfer processes apparently benefit only plants. Exploitative associations are symbiotic (in the broad sense), but are not mutualistic. A new definition of mycorrhizas that encompasses all types of these associations while excluding other plant-fungus interactions is provided. This definition recognises the importance of nutrient transfer at an interface resulting from synchronised plant-fungus development. The diversity of interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and plants is considered. Mycorrhizal fungi also function as endophytes, necrotrophs and antagonists of host or non-host plants, with roles that vary during the lifespan of their associations. It is recommended that mycorrhizal associations are defined and classified primarily by anatomical criteria regulated by the host plant. A revised classification scheme for types and categories of mycorrhizal associations defined by these criteria is proposed. The main categories of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal associations (VAM) are 'linear' or 'coiling', and of ectomycorrhizal associations (ECM) are 'epidermal' or 'cortical'. Subcategories of coiling VAM and epidermal ECM occur in certain host plants. Fungus-controlled features result in 'morphotypes' within categories of VAM and ECM. Arbutoid and monotropoid associations should be considered subcategories of epidermal ECM and ectendomycorrhizas should be relegated to an ECM morphotype. Both arbuscules and vesicles define mycorrhizas formed by glomeromycotan fungi. A new classification scheme for categories, subcategories and morphotypes of mycorrhizal associations is provided.