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      Application of portable XRF and VNIR sensors for rapid assessment of soil heavy metal pollution

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          Abstract

          Rapid heavy metal soil surveys at large scale with high sampling density could not be conducted with traditional laboratory physical and chemical analyses because of the high cost, low efficiency and heavy workload involved. This study explored a rapid approach to assess heavy metals contamination in 301 farmland soils from Fuyang in Zhejiang Province, in the southern Yangtze River Delta, China, using portable proximal soil sensors. Portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (PXRF) was used to determine soil heavy metals total concentrations while soil pH was predicted by portable visible-near infrared spectroscopy (PVNIR). Zn, Cu and Pb were successfully predicted by PXRF (R 2 >0.90 and RPD >2.50) while As and Ni were predicted with less accuracy (R 2 <0.75 and RPD <1.40). The pH values were well predicted by PVNIR. Classification of heavy metals contamination grades in farmland soils was conducted based on previous results; the Kappa coefficient was 0.87, which showed that the combination of PXRF and PVNIR was an effective and rapid method to determine the degree of pollution with soil heavy metals. This study provides a new approach to assess soil heavy metals pollution; this method will facilitate large-scale surveys of soil heavy metal pollution.

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          Most cited references27

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          Trace metal contamination in urban soils of China.

          The contamination of urban soils can affect the health of people living in urban areas, and the surrounding ecosystems. Urbanization in China has taken place at an unprecedented pace in the last three decades. This paper provides an overview of studies on the quality of urban soils in China with special reference to trace metal contamination. It summarizes the characteristics of accumulation, spatial and temporal distribution, and major sources of various toxic or potentially toxic trace metals in urban soils as reported in recent literature. Levels of pollution in urban soil and road dust were discussed using the concentrations, enrichment factors, pollution indexes, and chemical fractionation of trace metals in major cities of China, and compared with other countries. In future studies, more pollutants in urban environments need to be included in multi-compartmental environmental surveillance for potential risk assessments. In addition to routine urban soil surveys by a harmonized methodology, a comprehensive assessment of soil quality is needed for the control and management of many urban brownfield sites. Taking into consideration pathways of exposure and site characteristics, risk assessment frameworks for major pollutants in urban soils, which integrate land use type and environmental availability, may be developed in the future. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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            Prediction of soil organic matter using a spatially constrained local partial least squares regression and the Chinese vis-NIR spectral library

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              Identification of soil heavy metal sources from anthropogenic activities and pollution assessment of Fuyang County, China.

              Understanding regional variations of soil heavy metals and their anthropogenic influence are very important for environmental planning. In this study, 286 surface soil samples were collected in Fuyang county, and the 'total' metals for copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) were measured in 2005. Statistic analysis showed that Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd had been added by exterior factors, and Ni was mainly controlled by natural factors. The combination of multivariate statistical and geostatistical analysis successfully grouped three groups (Cu, Zn and Pb; Cd; and Ni) of heavy metals from different sources. Through pollution evaluation, it was found that 15.76% of the study area for Cu, Zn and Pb, and 46.14% for Cd suffered from moderate or severe pollution. Further spatial analysis identified the limestone mining activities, paper mills, cement factory and metallurgic activities were the main sources for the concentration of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in soils, and soil Ni was mainly determined by the parent materials.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                24 February 2017
                2017
                : 12
                : 2
                : e0172438
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information Technology Application, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
                [2 ]INRA, InfoSol Unit, Ardon, Orléans, France
                [3 ]UMR SAS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Rennes, France
                [4 ]College of Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
                [5 ]Institute of Land Science and Property Management, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
                RMIT University, AUSTRALIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceptualization: BH SC.

                • Data curation: BH SC.

                • Formal analysis: SC BH JX.

                • Funding acquisition: ZS.

                • Methodology: SC BH FX.

                • Supervision: ZS YL.

                • Writing – original draft: BH SC JH.

                • Writing – review & editing: YL SC BH FX.

                Article
                PONE-D-16-47174
                10.1371/journal.pone.0172438
                5325278
                28234944
                afad2088-54a2-4e21-a902-cab726fe9c09
                © 2017 Hu et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 29 November 2016
                : 4 February 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 5, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: Key Research and Development Project of Zhejiang Province
                Award ID: 2015C02G1320007
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
                Award Recipient :
                This work was founded by Key Research and Development Project of Zhejiang Province (2015C02G1320007) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.The authors thankfully acknowledge Professors Jie Peng and Shuo Li for their suggestions for this paper. Thanks to Zongzheng Liang and Yuanyuan Yang for their assistance in soil samples analysis. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Elements
                Heavy Metals
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Toxicology
                Toxic Agents
                Toxins
                Heavy Metals
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Toxicology
                Toxic Agents
                Toxins
                Heavy Metals
                Engineering and Technology
                Environmental Engineering
                Pollution
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Agricultural Soil Science
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Soil Science
                Agricultural Soil Science
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Analytical Chemistry
                Chemical Analysis
                People and Places
                Geographical Locations
                Asia
                China
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Forecasting
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics (Mathematics)
                Statistical Methods
                Forecasting
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Environmental Chemistry
                Soil Chemistry
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Environmental Chemistry
                Soil Chemistry
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Soil Science
                Soil Chemistry
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Spectrum Analysis Techniques
                Spectrophotometry
                Fluorophotometry
                Fluorescence Spectrometry
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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                Uncategorized

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