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      Age Differences in Source Monitoring and Referent Discrimination

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          Abstract

          In contrast to previous studies which addressed separately memory for source and referent, the present experiment analyzes the effects of aging on memory for both, source and referent. The experiment simulated a conversation between two people exchanging descriptors of themselves and the other speaker (e.g., “I am helpful,” “you are capable”). Participants ( N = 60) were divided into two age groups: younger ( M = 23.47 years old, SD = 2.37), older ( M = 70.30 years old, SD = 3.73). Recall, recognition, and accuracy in identifying source (e.g., “who said helpful?”) and referent (e.g., “about whom was capable said?”) were analyzed. Younger and older adults recalled and recognized equally well information read by the experimenter about herself, but only young adults showed better memory for the descriptors they read about themselves. Older adults were impaired in source monitoring, but not in reference discrimination. Normal referent discrimination in older adults is attributed to the fact that the referent forms part of the content of the episode, whereas who spoke it is part of its context, and older adults tend to show greater deficits in context than in content memory. These results are explained within the source and reality monitoring framework.

          Abstract

          A diferencia de estudios anteriores que han abordado por separado la identificación del origen y del referente de la información, este experimento analiza los efectos del envejecimiento sobre la discriminación conjunta de ambos, origen y referente. El experimento simula una conversación entre dos personas (investigadora y participante) que intercambian descriptores de sí mismas y de su interlocutora (e.g., “yo soy amable”, “tú eres capaz”). Se dividió a los participantes ( N = 60) en dos grupos en función de la edad: joven ( M = 23′47 años, DT = 2′37), mayor ( M = 70′30 años, DT = 3′73). Se analizó recuerdo, reconocimiento y precisión en la identificación del origen (e.g., “¿quién dijo amable?”) y del referente (e.g., “¿sobre quién se dijo que era capaz?”) de los descriptores intercambiados en la conversación. Los resultados indicaron que jóvenes y mayores recordaron y reconocieron por igual la información que la experimentadora leyó sobre sí misma, pero sólo los jóvenes recordaron mejor los descriptores que ellos leyeron sobre sí mismos. Los mayores tuvieron dificultades en la identificación del origen, pero no del referente. El mantenimiento de la discriminación del referente se atribuye a que forma parte del contenido del episodio, cuyo recuerdo no está afectado por el envejecimiento. Por el contrario, el recuerdo del origen, como parte del contexto, sí se ve afectado. Los resultados se explican en el marco teórico del control del origen en la memoria.

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          Most cited references22

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          Reality monitoring.

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            The self-reference effect in memory: A meta-analysis.

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              Source monitoring 15 years later: what have we learned from fMRI about the neural mechanisms of source memory?

              Focusing primarily on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), this article reviews evidence regarding the roles of subregions of the medial temporal lobes, prefrontal cortex, posterior representational areas, and parietal cortex in source memory. In addition to evidence from standard episodic memory tasks assessing accuracy for neutral information, the article considers studies assessing the qualitative characteristics of memories, the encoding and remembering of emotional information, and false memories, as well as evidence from populations that show disrupted source memory (older adults, individuals with depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, or schizophrenia). Although there is still substantial work to be done, fMRI is advancing understanding of source memory and highlighting unresolved issues. A continued 2-way interaction between cognitive theory, as illustrated by the source monitoring framework (M. K. Johnson, S. Hashtroudi, & D. S. Lindsay, 1993), and evidence from cognitive neuroimaging studies should clarify conceptualization of cognitive processes (e.g., feature binding, retrieval, monitoring), prior knowledge (e.g., semantics, schemas), and specific features (e.g., perceptual and emotional information) and of how they combine to create true and false memories. Copyright (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                The Spanish journal of psychology
                Span. j. psychol.
                Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)
                1138-7416
                1988-2904
                March 2012
                January 10 2013
                March 2012
                : 15
                : 1
                : 20-28
                Article
                10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n1.37280
                22379694
                b013fed3-c8fb-48ca-b56a-08068e0f9a40
                © 2012

                https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms

                History

                Molecular medicine,Neurosciences
                Molecular medicine, Neurosciences

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