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      Distribution of Usutu Virus in Germany and Its Effect on Breeding Bird Populations

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          Abstract

          Usutu virus (USUV) is an emerging mosquitoborne flavivirus with an increasing number of reports from several countries in Europe, where USUV infection has caused high avian mortality rates. However, 20 years after the first observed outbreak of USUV in Europe, there is still no reliable assessment of the large-scale impact of USUV outbreaks on bird populations. In this study, we identified the areas suitable for USUV circulation in Germany and analyzed the effects of USUV on breeding bird populations. We calculated the USUV-associated additional decline of common blackbird ( Turdus merula) populations as 15.7% inside USUV-suitable areas but found no significant effect for the other 14 common bird species investigated. Our results show that the emergence of USUV is a further threat for birds in Europe and that the large-scale impact on population levels, at least for common blackbirds, must be considered.

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          House-to-house human movement drives dengue virus transmission.

          Steven Stoddard, Brett M Forshey, Amy C Morrison … (2013)
          Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease of growing global health importance. Prevention efforts focus on mosquito control, with limited success. New insights into the spatiotemporal drivers of dengue dynamics are needed to design improved disease-prevention strategies. Given the restricted range of movement of the primary mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, local human movements may be an important driver of dengue virus (DENV) amplification and spread. Using contact-site cluster investigations in a case-control design, we demonstrate that, at an individual level, risk for human infection is defined by visits to places where contact with infected mosquitoes is likely, independent of distance from the home. Our data indicate that house-to-house human movements underlie spatial patterns of DENV incidence, causing marked heterogeneity in transmission rates. At a collective level, transmission appears to be shaped by social connections because routine movements among the same places, such as the homes of family and friends, are often similar for the infected individual and their contacts. Thus, routine, house-to-house human movements do play a key role in spread of this vector-borne pathogen at fine spatial scales. This finding has important implications for dengue prevention, challenging the appropriateness of current approaches to vector control. We argue that reexamination of existing paradigms regarding the spatiotemporal dynamics of DENV and other vector-borne pathogens, especially the importance of human movement, will lead to improvements in disease prevention.
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            Ecosystem services provided by birds.

            Mary Whelan, Daniel Wenny, Sara R. Marquis (2007)
            Ecosystem services are natural processes that benefit humans. Birds contribute the four types of services recognized by the UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment-provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services. In this review, we concentrate primarily on supporting services, and to a lesser extent, provisioning and regulating services. As members of ecosystems, birds play many roles, including as predators, pollinators, scavengers, seed dispersers, seed predators, and ecosystem engineers. These ecosystem services fall into two subcategories: those that arise via behavior (like consumption of agricultural pests) and those that arise via bird products (like nests and guano). Characteristics of most birds make them quite special from the perspective of ecosystem services. Because most birds fly, they can respond to irruptive or pulsed resources in ways generally not possible for other vertebrates. Migratory species link ecosystem processes and fluxes that are separated by great distances and times. Although the economic value to humans contributed by most, if not all, of the supporting services has yet to be quantified, we believe they are important to humans. Our goals for this review are 1) to lay the groundwork on these services to facilitate future efforts to estimate their economic value, 2) to highlight gaps in our knowledge, and 3) to point to future directions for additional research.
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              Assessing transferability of ecological models: an underappreciated aspect of statistical validation

              Seth J Wenger, Julian D. Olden (2012)
              Article 0 comments Cited 178 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerging Infect. Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): December 2017
                Volume: 23
                Issue: 12
                Pages: 1994-2001
                Affiliations
                [1]Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany (R. Lühken, H. Jöst, D. Cadar, E. Tannich, J. Schmidt-Chanasit);
                [2]German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel, Hamburg (H. Jöst, E. Tannich, J. Schmidt-Chanasit);
                [3]University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany (S.M. Thomas);
                [4]Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU), Stuttgart, Germany (S. Bosch);
                [5]Institute for Dipterology, Speyer, Germany (N. Becker);
                [6]University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (N. Becker);
                [7]Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany (U. Ziegler);
                [8]Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU), Berlin, Germany (L. Lachmann)
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Renke Lühken, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; email: renkeluhken@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: 17-1257
                DOI: 10.3201/eid2312.171257
                PMC ID: 5708248
                PubMed ID: 29148399
                SO-VID: b03cb86a-18cc-43be-91ba-a8f4f81afaeb
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Subject: Research
                Subject: Distribution of Usutu Virus in Germany and Its Effect on Breeding Bird Populations

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: usutu virus,flavivirus,breeding birds,common blackbird,bird population decline,vector-borne infections,germany
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: usutu virus, flavivirus, breeding birds, common blackbird, bird population decline, vector-borne infections, germany

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