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      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
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      Comparison of PRIMO Monte Carlo code and Eclipse treatment planning system in calculation of dosimetric parameters in brain cancer radiotherapy

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          Abstract

          Background

          It is important to evaluate the dose calculated by treatment planning systems (TPSs) and dose distribution in tumor and organs at risk (OARs). The aim of this study is to compare dose calculated by the PRIMO Monte Carlo code and Eclipse TPS in radiotherapy of brain cancer patients.

          Materials and methods

          PRIMO simulation code was used to simulate a Varian Clinac 600C linac. The simulations were validated for the linac by comparison of the simulation and measured results. In the case of brain cancer patients, the dosimetric parameters obtained by the PRIMO code were compared with those calculated by Eclipse TPS. Gamma function analysis with 3%, 3 mm criteria was utilized to compare the dose distributions. The evaluations were based on the dosimetric parameters for the planning target volume (PTV) and OAR including D min, D mean, and D max, homogeneity index (HI), and conformity index (CI).

          Results

          The gamma function analysis showed a 98% agreement between the results obtained by the PRIMO code and measurement for the percent depth dose (PDD) and dose profiles. The corresponding value in comparing the dosimetric parameters from PRIMO code and Eclipse TPS for the brain patients was 94%, on average. The results of the PRIMO simulation were in good agreement with the measured data and Eclipse TPS calculations.

          Conclusions

          Based on the results of this study, the PRIMO code can be utilized to simulate a medical linac with good accuracy and to evaluate the accuracy of treatment plans for patients with brain cancer.

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          Most cited references29

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          A technique for the quantitative evaluation of dose distributions.

          D Low, W Harms, S Mutic … (1998)
          The commissioning of a three-dimensional treatment planning system requires comparisons of measured and calculated dose distributions. Techniques have been developed to facilitate quantitative comparisons, including superimposed isodoses, dose-difference, and distance-to-agreement (DTA) distributions. The criterion for acceptable calculation performance is generally defined as a tolerance of the dose and DTA in regions of low and high dose gradients, respectively. The dose difference and DTA distributions complement each other in their useful regions. A composite distribution has recently been developed that presents the dose difference in regions that fail both dose-difference and DTA comparison criteria. Although the composite distribution identifies locations where the calculation fails the preselected criteria, no numerical quality measure is provided for display or analysis. A technique is developed to unify dose distribution comparisons using the acceptance criteria. The measure of acceptability is the multidimensional distance between the measurement and calculation points in both the dose and the physical distance, scaled as a fraction of the acceptance criteria. In a space composed of dose and spatial coordinates, the acceptance criteria form an ellipsoid surface, the major axis scales of which are determined by individual acceptance criteria and the center of which is located at the measurement point in question. When the calculated dose distribution surface passes through the ellipsoid, the calculation passes the acceptance test for the measurement point. The minimum radial distance between the measurement point and the calculation points (expressed as a surface in the dose-distance space) is termed the gamma index. Regions where gamma > 1 correspond to locations where the calculation does not meet the acceptance criteria. The determination of gamma throughout the measured dose distribution provides a presentation that quantitatively indicates the calculation accuracy. Examples of a 6 MV beam penumbra are used to illustrate the gamma index.
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            Evaluation of the gamma dose distribution comparison method.

            Amanda F. Dempsey, D Low (2003)
            The gamma tool was developed to quantitatively compare dose distributions, either measured or calculated. Before computing gamma, the dose and distance scales of the two distributions, referred to as evaluated and reference, are renormalized by dose and distance criteria, respectively. The renormalization allows the dose distribution comparison to be conducted simultaneously along dose and distance axes. The gamma quantity, calculated independently for each reference point, is the minimum distance in the renormalized multidimensional space between the evaluated distribution and the reference point. The gamma quantity degenerates to the dose-difference and distance-to-agreement tests in shallow and very steep dose gradient regions, respectively. Since being introduced, the gamma quantity has been used by investigators to evaluate dose calculation algorithms, and compare dosimetry measurements. This manuscript examines the gamma distribution behavior in two dimensions and evaluates the gamma distribution in the presence of data noise. Noise in the evaluated distribution causes the gamma distribution to be underestimated relative to the no-noise, condition. Noise in the reference distribution adds noise in the gamma distribution in proportion to the normalized dose noise. In typical clinical use, the fraction of points that exceed 3% and 3 mm can be extensive, so we typically use 5% and 2-3 mm in clinical evaluations. For clinical cases, the calculation time is typically 5 minutes for a 1 x 1 mm2 interpolated resolution on an 800 MHz Pentium 4 for a 14.1 x 15.2 cm2 radiographic film.
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              Reporting and analyzing dose distributions: a concept of equivalent uniform dose.

              A Niemierko (1996)
              Modern treatment planning systems for three-dimensional treatment planning provide three-dimensionally accurate dose distributions for each individual patient. These data open up new possibilities for more precise reporting and analysis of doses actually delivered to irradiated organs and volumes of interest. A new method of summarizing and reporting inhomogeneous dose distributions is reported here. The concept of equivalent uniform dose (EUD) assumes that any two dose distributions are equivalent if they cause the same radiobiological effect. In this paper the EUD concept for tumors is presented, for which the probability of local control is assumed to be determined by the expected number of surviving clonogens, according to Poisson statistics. The EUD can be calculated directly from the dose calculation points or, from the corresponding dose-volume distributions (histograms). The fraction of clonogens surviving a dose of 2 Gy (SF2) is chosen to be the primary operational parameter characterizing radiosensitivity of clonogens. The application of the EUD concept is demonstrated on a clinical dataset. The causes of flattening of the observed dose-response curves become apparent since the EUD concept reveals the finer structure of the analyzed group of patients in respect to the irradiated volumes and doses actually received. Extensions of the basic EUD concept to include nonuniform density of clonogens, dose per fraction effects, repopulation of clonogens, and inhomogeneity of patient population are discussed and compared with the basic formula.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Rep Pract Oncol Radiother
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Rep Pract Oncol Radiother
                Title: Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy
                Publisher: Via Medica
                ISSN (Print): 1507-1367
                ISSN (Electronic): 2083-4640
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 October 2022
                Volume: 27
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 863-874
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [2 ]Department of Radiation Technology, Faculty of Allied Radiation Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [3 ]Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
                [4 ]Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Mahdi Ghorbani, Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, tel: +98 21 2240302, fax: +98 21 22400207; e-mail: mhdghorbani@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: rpor-27-5-863
                DOI: 10.5603/RPOR.a2022.0091
                PMC ID: 9746651
                PubMed ID: 36523800
                SO-VID: b061b036-1ebc-416f-a334-df455c964f46
                Copyright © © 2022 Greater Poland Cancer Centre
                License:

                This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license, allowing to download articles and share them with others as long as they credit the authors and the publisher, but without permission to change them in any way or use them commercially

                History
                Date received : 11 July 2022
                Date accepted : 11 August 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Research Paper

                Keywords: radiotherapy,primo code,treatment planning system,eclipse,brain cancer
                Data availability:
                Keywords: radiotherapy, primo code, treatment planning system, eclipse, brain cancer

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