Sediment resuspension drives protist metacommunity structure and assembly in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodonidella) aquaculture ponds.

Abstract

Protists in aquaculture ponds are key components associated with primary productivity, nutrient cycling, and fish healthy. However, the protist metacommunity diversity, as well as the ecological and environmental factors that structure protist metacommunity in aquaculture ponds remain poorly understood. This study examined protist metacommunities in water and sediment of larval, small juvenile and large juvenile grass carp ponds. The results indicated sediment resuspension became stronger with the increased fish size, which led to high levels of total suspended solids and nitrogen but low levels of phosphate, chlorophyll a and transparency in water. Moreover, sediment resuspension subsequently increased the alpha diversity indexes (i.e., OTU number, Shannon index and Simpson index) of protist communities in water and sediment. Meanwhile, sediment resuspension increased the relative abundance of heterotrophic Ciliophora and Cercozoa, but decreased the relative abundance of autotrophic Chlorophyta, Stramenopiles X, and Ochrophyta. Besides, some mixotrophic and heterotrophic protists showed competitive advantages in the turbidity water, which led to the increase of negative interactions in the protist co-occurrence networks. Based on the null model, sediment resuspension strengthened homogeneous selection (deterministic process) and weakened dispersal limitation (stochastic process) processes of protist community assembly. Indeed, protist community dissimilarity within each local community and each habitat (water or sediment) both decreased while the community dissimilarity between habitats increased with the increase of fish size. Therefore, sediment resuspension did not enhance the dispersal path between water and sediment, but decreased the dispersal limitation within sediment and water coupled with the strengthening of environmental selection. These results indicated that grass carp could restructure the protist metacommunity in aquaculture ponds through bottom up way of sediment resuspension. This study advances our understanding of the relationship between fish and protist metacommunity assembly in aquaculture systems.