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      Matrix metalloproteinase-2, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2, and transforming growth factor beta 1 in the aqueous humor and serum of patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          The aim of the study reported in this article was to determine the presence and quantitative differences of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), its tissue inhibitor (TIMP-2) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) in the aqueous humor and serum samples of patients with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome.

          Methods

          Aqueous humor and serum samples were collected from 32 patients with PEX syndrome (with and without glaucoma) and a control group, who underwent routine cataract surgery. Levels of MMP-2, TIMP-2, and TGF-β1 were determined by specific immunoassays (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay).

          Results

          MMP-2, TIMP-2, and TGF-β1 were identified in aqueous humor and serum samples from all groups of patients. The aqueous and serum samples of MMP-2, TIMP-2, and TGF-β1 showed no significant differences between PEX syndrome and control groups. Serum levels of MMP-2, TIMP-2, and TGF-β1 were statistically greater than their aqueous levels ( P<0.05), except for TIMP-2 levels in the control group.

          Conclusion

          No statistically significant difference among mean MMP-2, TIMP-2, and TGF-β1 levels in both aqueous humor and serum samples was found between patients with PEX syndrome and the control group. It is important to simultaneously evaluate serum and aqueous samples from patients with PEX syndrome, which is related to an impaired blood–aqueous barrier.

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          Matrix metalloproteinases.

          H. Nagase, J F WOESSNER (1999)
          Article 0 comments Cited 381 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Multiplex cytokine analysis of aqueous humor in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma, exfoliation glaucoma, and cataract.

            Yasuyuki Takai, Masaki Tanito, Akihiro Ohira (2012)
            To measure levels of various inflammatory cytokines in the aqueous humor of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), exfoliation glaucoma (EXG), and senile cataract. Aqueous humor samples were obtained from 64 eyes of 64 Japanese subjects (POAG, 20 eyes; EXG, 23 eyes; and cataract, 21 control eyes). The levels of eight cytokines including interleukin (IL)1-β, IL-6, IL-8, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, serum amyloid A (SAA), migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A were estimated using the multiplex bead immunoassay technique. Compared with the cataract group, the levels of TGF-β1, IL-8, and SAA were significantly higher in aqueous humor samples from the POAG (5.0-fold, 2.3-fold, and 11.9-fold, respectively) and EXG (12.5-fold, 4.0-fold, and 18.3-fold, respectively) groups. Except for a significant decrease in the IL-6 level in the POAG (0.23-fold) group, no other cytokine levels differed in the POAG and EXG groups compared with the cataract group. The levels of TGF-β1, IL-8, and SAA were positively correlated with each other (ρ = 0.723-0.786; P < 0.0001), the intraocular pressure (IOP) (ρ = 0.392-0.662; P < 0.0001-0.0019), and the number of glaucoma medications (ρ = 0.478-0.659; P < 0.0001-0.0001). Cytokine networks including TGF-β1, IL-8, and SAA in aqueous humor may have critical roles in IOP elevations in patients with open-angle glaucoma.
            Article 0 comments Cited 83 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Exfoliation syndrome.

              R Ritch, U Schlötzer-Schrehardt (2015)
              Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) is an age-related disease in which abnormal fibrillar extracellular material is produced and accumulates in many ocular tissues. Its ocular manifestations involve all of the structures of the anterior segment, as well as conjunctiva and orbital structures. Glaucoma occurs more commonly in eyes with XFS than in those without it; in fact, XFS has recently been recognized as the most common identifiable cause of glaucoma. Patients with XFS are also predisposed to develop angle-closure glaucoma, and glaucoma in XFS has a more serious clinical course and worse prognosis than primary open-angle glaucoma. There is increasing evidence for an etiological association of XFS with cataract formation, and possibly with retinal vein occlusion. XFS is now suspected to be a systemic disorder and has been associated preliminarily with transient ischemic attacks, stroke, systemic hypertension, and myocardial infarction. Further ramifications await discovery. Deposits of white material on the anterior lens surface are the most consistent and important diagnostic feature of XFS. The classic pattern consists of three distinct zones that become visible when the pupil is fully dilated. Whereas the classic picture of manifest XFS has been often described, the early stages of beginning exfoliation have not been well defined. Next to the lens, exfoliation material is most prominent at the pupillary border. Pigment loss from the iris sphincter region and its deposition on anterior chamber structures is a hallmark of XFS. Despite extensive research, the exact chemical composition of exfoliation material (XFM) remains unknown. An overproduction and abnormal metabolism of glycosaminoglycans have been suggested as one of the key changes in XFS. The protein components of XFM include both noncollagenous basement membrane components and epitopes of the elastic fiber system such as fibrillium. Regardless of etiology, typical exfoliation fibers have been demonstrated electron microscopically in close association with the pre-equatorial lens epithelium, the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium, the iris pigment epithelium, the corneal endothelium, the trabecular endothelium, and with almost all cell types of the iris stroma, such as fibrocytes, melanocytes, vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells. The presence of XFS should alert the physician to the increased risks of intraocular surgery, most commonly zonular dehiscence, capsular rupture, and vitreous loss during cataract extraction. Heightened awareness of this condition and its associated clinical signs are important in the detection and management of glaucoma, and preoperative determination of those patients at increased risk for surgical complications.
              Article 0 comments Cited 83 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Clin Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Clin Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Clinical Ophthalmology
                Title: Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)
                Publisher: Dove Medical Press
                ISSN (Print): 1177-5467
                ISSN (Electronic): 1177-5483
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 January 2014
                Volume: 8
                Pages: 305-309
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Ophthalmology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University School of Medicine, Canakkale, Turkey
                [2 ]Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Hospitals, Meselik, Eskisehir, Turkey
                [3 ]Department of Biochemistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Hospitals, Meselik, Eskisehir, Turkey
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Nilgun Yildirim, Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Hospitals, Meselik, 26480, Eskisehir, Turkey, Tel +90 222 229 1001, Fax +90 222 239 0928, Email nyyildirim@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: opth-8-305
                DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S55914
                PMC ID: 3913541
                SO-VID: b1a67713-3e17-4f4a-b2e0-246e989312e1
                Copyright © © 2014 Kara et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License
                License:

                The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

                History
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Keywords: mmp-2,timp-2,tgf-β1,pex glaucoma,pex syndrome
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Keywords: mmp-2, timp-2, tgf-β1, pex glaucoma, pex syndrome

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