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      Serum sickness-like reaction in pediatric age - experience of an imunoalergology unit Translated title: Doença do soro-like em idade pediátrica - experiência de uma unidade de imunoalergologia

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          Abstract

          Background: Serum sickness is a systemic reaction reported after administration of heterologous serum. It is clinically characterized by fever, skin lesions, arthralgia/arthritis, lymphadenopathy, and nephritis and by presence of immune complexes. Serum sickness-like reaction mimics serum sickness and its pathophysiology is not well understood. It is more common in pediatric age and often associated with drug administration. This study aimed to characterize serum sickness-like reaction cases evaluated at a Drug Allergy Clinic. Material and methods: An analytical, retrospective, longitudinal study of a sample of 39 children (56% male) with diagnosis of serum sickness-like reaction evaluated at a Drug Allergy Clinic between January 2007 and December 2017 was performed. Results: Children had an average of 4.8 years at the time of reaction. In most cases (97%), beta-lactam antibiotics were the suspected triggering drugs. On average, clinical manifestations developed 7.5 days after treatment start. Skin lesions developed in all patients, and arthralgia/arthritis in 92.3%. Fifteen percent of children were hospitalized. Penicillin-specific IgE was evaluated in 87% of patients, but only tested positive in two. Skin prick tests and intradermal tests were performed in 46% of cases and were positive in seven. Oral challenge test was performed in 26% of patients and was positive in three. Conclusion: Serum sickness-like reaction is a rare and poorly understood entity. Diagnosis is essentially clinical, requiring a high index of suspicion. In the acute phase, usefulness of complementary tests lies mainly in the differential diagnosis with other diseases.

          Translated abstract

          Introdução: A doença do soro é uma reação sistémica descrita após administração de soro heterólogo, caracterizada clinicamente por febre, lesões cutâneas, artralgias/artrite, linfadenopatia e nefrite, e laboratorialmente por presença de imunocomplexos. A doença do soro-like mimetiza a doença do soro, não estando a sua fisiopatologia bem estabelecida. É mais frequente em idade pediátrica e surge muitas vezes associada à administração de fármacos. Este estudo pretendeu caracterizar os casos de doença do soro-like avaliados numa consulta de alergia a fármacos. Material e métodos: Este foi um estudo analítico, retrospetivo e longitudinal de uma amostra de 39 crianças (56% do sexo masculino) com diagnóstico de doença do soro-like avaliadas em consulta de alergia a fármacos entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro 2017. Resultados: A idade média das crianças na altura da reação foi de 4,8 anos. Antibióticos beta-lactâmicos foram os fármacos suspeitos na maioria dos casos (97%). As manifestações clínicas surgiram, em média, 7,5 dias após o início do tratamento. Verificaram-se lesões cutâneas em todos os doentes e atingimento articular em 92,3%. Um total de 15% das crianças foram internadas. Foi efetuado doseamento de IgE específicas em 87% dos doentes, tendo sido positivo em apenas dois. Foram realizados testes cutâneos por picada e intradérmicos em 46% dos casos, com resultados positivos em sete. A prova de provocação oral foi realizada em 26% dos doentes, tendo sido positiva em três. Conclusão: A doença do soro-like é uma patologia rara e pouco estudada. O diagnóstico é essencialmente clínico, sendo necessário um elevado índice de suspeição. A utilidade dos exames complementares reside principalmente no diagnóstico diferencial com outras patologias.

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          Guideline for the diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity reactions

          Drug hypersensitivity reactions are unpredictable adverse drug reactions. They manifest either within 1–6 h following drug intake (immediate reactions) with mild to life-threatening symptoms of anaphylaxis, or several hours to days later (delayed reactions), primarily as exanthematous eruptions. It is not always possible to detect involvement of the immune system (allergy). Waiving diagnostic tests can result in severe reactions on renewed exposure on the one hand, and to unjustified treatment restrictions on the other. With this guideline, experts from various specialist societies and institutions have formulated recommendations and an algorithm for the diagnosis of allergies. The key principles of diagnosing allergic/hypersensitivity drug reactions are presented. Where possible, the objective is to perform allergy diagnostics within 4 weeks–6 months following the reaction. A clinical classification of symptoms based on the morphology and time course of the reaction is required in order to plan a diagnostic work-up. In the case of typical symptoms of a drug hypersensitivity reaction and unequivocal findings from validated skin and/or laboratory tests, a reaction can be attributed to a trigger with sufficient confidence. However, skin and laboratory tests are often negative or insufficiently reliable. In such cases, controlled provocation testing is required to clarify drug reactions. This method is reliable and safe when attention is paid to indications and contraindications and performed under appropriate medical supervision. The results of the overall assessment are discussed with the patient and documented in an „allergy passport“ in order to ensure targeted avoidance in the future and allow the use of alternative drugs where possible.
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            A prospective clinical and immunologic analysis of patients with serum sickness.

            We prospectively evaluated the clinical and immunologic features of serum sickness in 12 patients with bone-marrow failure treated for 10 days with intravenous infusions of horse antithymocyte globulin. Eleven of the 12 patients had signs and symptoms of serum sickness 8 to 13 days after beginning therapy with antithymocyte globulin. Eleven patients (including 10 of 11 with signs and symptoms of serum sickness) acquired circulating immune complexes, with peak levels occurring at 10 to 12 days. Serum C4 and C3 levels fell precipitously, with nadirs on the 10th day. Plasma levels of C3a anaphylatoxin were elevated in the four patients in whom it was measured. Eight of the 11 patients with signs and symptoms of serum sickness had a characteristic serpiginous erythematous and purpuric eruption on the hands and feet at the junction of palmar and plantar skin. Direct immunofluorescence of skin lesions revealed immune deposits (IgM, IgE, IgA, or C3) in the blood vessels of three of five patients. This study documents the immunopathology of serum sickness in human beings and describes a cutaneous marker for the disease.
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              Cutaneous reactions to drugs in children.

              Cutaneous eruptions are a commonly reported adverse drug reaction. Cutaneous adverse drug reactions in the pediatric population have a significant impact on patients' current and future care options. A patient's recollection of having a "rash" when they took a medication as a child is a frequent reason for not prescribing a particular treatment. The quick detection and treatment of cutaneous adverse drug reactions, plus identification of the causative agent, are essential for preventing the progression of the reaction, preventing additional exposures, and ensuring the appropriate use of medications for both the current condition and others as the patient ages. The purpose of this review is to discuss a reasonable approach to recognition and initial management of cutaneous adverse drug reactions in children.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nas
                Nascer e Crescer
                Nascer e Crescer
                Centro Hospitalar do Porto (Porto, , Portugal )
                0872-0754
                2183-9417
                September 2019
                : 28
                : 3
                : 120-125
                Affiliations
                [2] Santa Maria da Feira orgnameCentro Hospitalar Entre o Douro e Vouga orgdiv1Department of Pediatrics Portugal
                [1] Viana do Castelo orgnameUnidade Local de Saúde do Alto Minho orgdiv1Department of Pediatrics Portugal
                [3] Vila Nova de Gaia orgnameCentro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho orgdiv1Department of Pediatrics orgdiv2Allergy Unit Portugal herculano.costa@ 123456chvnge.min-saude.pt
                Article
                S0872-07542019000300002 S0872-0754(19)02800300002
                10.25753/BirthGrowthMJ.v28.i3.16677
                b1e27f32-6fa2-4e10-af60-0d82d49baa77

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 June 2019
                : 17 January 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 19, Pages: 6
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                SciELO Portugal

                Categories
                Original Articles

                serum sickness-like reaction,antibióticos,crianças,doença do soro-like,antibiotics,children

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