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      Globe fringerush (Fimbristylis miliacea) cross resistance to als-inhibitor herbicides under field conditions in irrigated rice in the south of Brazil Translated title: Resistência cruzada de herbicidas inibidores da als em cuminho (Fimbristylis miliacea) sob condições de campo em lavouras de arroz irrigado no sul do Brasil

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          Abstract

          ALS-inhibiting herbicides usually provide adequate weed control in irrigated rice fields. After consecutive years of use, the Cyperaceae species, globe fringerush (Fimbristylis miliacea) began to show resistance to ALS (acetolactate synthase) inhibitors. Globe fringerush is one of the most problematic herbicide-resistant weeds in irrigated rice in the state of Santa Catarina in the South of Brazil. The objective of this research was to examine cross resistance of globe fringerush to ALS inhibitors, under field conditions. Two experiments were conducted in a rice field naturally infested with ALS-resistant globe fringerush in Santa Catarina, in the 2008/09 and 2009/10 cropping seasons. The experimental units were arranged in randomized complete block design, with five replicates, consisting of two factors (herbicide and dose) in a 4 x 5 factorial arrangement. ALS herbicides included bispyribac-sodium, ethoxysulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl and penoxsulam. Six-leaf globe fringerush was sprayed with herbicide doses of 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4X the recommended doses in a spray volume of 200 L ha-1. The number of rice culm, filled and sterile grains, plant height, dry shoot biomass and grain yield were recorded. Globe fringerush control was evaluated 28 and 70 days after herbicide application (DAA); shoots were harvested at 13 weeks after herbicide application and dry weight recorded. Competition with globe fringerush reduced the number of culm and rice grain yield. The globe fringerush biotype in this field was resistant to all ALS herbicides tested. Penoxsulam had the highest level of activity among treatments at 28 and 70 DAA, but the control level was only 50% and 42%, respectively, in the second year of assessment. This was not enough to prevent rice yield loss. Alternative herbicides and weed control strategies are necessary to avoid yield losses in rice fields infested with ALS-resistant biotypes of globe fringerush.

          Translated abstract

          Herbicidas inibidores da ALS geralmente apresentam controle adequado de plantas daninhas em lavouras de arroz irrigado. Após anos consecutivos de uso, a espécie Cyperaceae cuminho (Fimbristylis miliacea) foi selecionada com resistência a herbicidas inibidores da ALS (acetolactato sintase). O cuminho é uma das mais problemáticas plantas daninhas resistentes a herbicidas em arroz irrigado em Santa Catarina, Brasil. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a resistência cruzada aos inibidores da ALS em cuminho em condições de campo. Experimentos foram realizados em lavoura de arroz naturalmente infestada com cuminho resistente a ALS em Santa Catarina, nas safras 2008/09 e 2009/10. As unidades experimentais foram dispostas em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições consistindo de dois fatores (herbicida e dose) em arranjo fatorial 4 x 5. Os herbicidas inibidores da ALS foram bispyribac-sodium, ethoxysulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-etyl e penoxsulam. Plantas de cuminho com seis folhas foram pulverizados com doses de herbicida equivalentes a 0, 0,5, 1, 2 e 4X as doses recomendadas, com volume de calda de 200 L ha‑1. Número de colmos, grãos cheios e estéril, estatura de planta, massa seca da parte aérea e produtividade de grãos foram avaliados na cultura do arroz. O controle de cuminho foi avaliado aos 28 e 70 dias após a aplicação do herbicida (DAA) e a massa seca da parte aérea 13 semanas após a aplicação do herbicida. A competição com cuminho reduziu o número de colmos e a produtividade de grãos de arroz. A população de cuminho nessa lavoura, foi resistente a todos os herbicidas inibidores da ALS testados. Penoxsulam apresentou maior atividade entre os tratamentos aos 28 e 70 DAA, porém o nível de controle foi de apenas 50 e 42%, respectivamente, no segundo ano de avaliação, não sendo suficiente para evitar perda de produtividade da cultura. Herbicidas alternativos e estratégias de controle são necessários para evitar perdas na produtividade das lavouras de arroz com infestação de cuminho resistente a herbicidas inibidores da ALS.

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            Amaranthus palmeri resistance and differential tolerance of Amaranthus palmeri and Amaranthus hybridus to ALS-inhibitor herbicides.

            Suspected imazaquin-resistant accessions of Amaranthus palmeri were studied to determine the magnitude of resistance and cross-resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides and compare differential tolerance of A palmeri and Amaranthus hybridus to ALS inhibitors. Five of seven A palmeri accessions were resistant to imazaquin. The most imazaquin-resistant accession, accession 7, also showed 74, 39 and 117 times higher resistance than the susceptible biotype to chlorimuron, diclosulam and pyrithiobac, respectively. Resistance to imazaquin and cross-resistance to other ALS inhibitors in A palmeri was due to a less-sensitive ALS enzyme. A palmeri was 70 times more tolerant to imazaquin than A hybridus. A palmeri was also seven times more tolerant to pyrithiobac than A hybridus. Differences in ALS enzyme sensitivity could not fully account for the high tolerance of A palmeri to imazaquin compared to A hybridus. Both species were equally affected by chlorimuron and diclosulam.
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              Cross-resistance to herbicides of five ALS-inhibiting groups and sequencing of the ALS gene in Cyperus difformis L.

              Resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in Cyperus difformis has evolved rapidly in many rice areas worldwide. This study identified the mechanism of resistance, assessed cross-resistance patterns to all five chemical groups of ALS-inhibiting herbicides in four C. difformis biotypes, and attempted to sequence the ALS gene. Whole-plant and ALS enzyme activity dose-response assays indicated that the WA biotype was resistant to all ALS-inhibiting herbicides evaluated. The IR biotype was resistant to bensulfuron-methyl, orthosulfamuron, imazethapyr, and propoxycarbazone-sodium and less resistant to bispyribac-sodium and halosulfuron-methyl, and susceptible to penoxsulam. ALS enzyme activity assays indicated that resistance is due to an altered target site yet mutations previously found to endow target-site resistance in weeds were not detected in the sequences obtained. The inability to detect resistance mutations in C. difformis may result from the presence of additional ALS genes, which were not amplified by the primers used. This study reports the first ALS gene sequence from Cyperus difformis. Certain ALS-inhibiting herbicides can still be used to control some resistant C. difformis biotypes. However, because cross-resistance to all five classes of ALS-inhibitors was detected in other resistant biotypes, these herbicides should only be used within an integrated weed management program designed to delay the evolution of herbicide resistance.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                pd
                Planta Daninha
                Planta daninha
                Sociedade Brasileira da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas (Viçosa )
                1806-9681
                December 2013
                : 31
                : 4
                : 893-902
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Pampa Brazil
                [2 ] Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal de Pelotas Brazil
                [4 ] University of Arkansas United States
                Article
                S0100-83582013000400016
                10.1590/S0100-83582013000400016
                b3cc8628-cec4-48bd-b04a-bd855e8f2f93

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0100-8358&lng=en
                Categories
                PLANT SCIENCES

                Plant science & Botany
                Paddy rice,Oryza sativa,herbicide resistance,acetolactate synthase,Arroz irrigado,resistência a herbicidas,Acetolactato sintase

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