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      Carbono orgánico en suelos agrícolas de México: Investigación y políticas públicas Translated title: Organic carbon in agricultural soils of Mexico: Research and public policy

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          Abstract

          Resumen: El análisis de una extensa revisión bibliográfica sobre la investigación en conservación de carbono en suelos de México muestra que prácticas de agricultura de conservación y diversos sistemas de producción tradicionales pueden incrementar de manera considerable el carbono orgánico en suelos, lo que repercute en su resistencia ante el impacto de la lluvia, mejora la tasa de infiltración y la cantidad de agua disponible, incrementa el contenido de la biomasa microbiana, disminuye la erosión y mitiga la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero. La relevancia que adquiere la calidad de los suelos en la seguridad alimentaria y en los impactos ambientales, incluyendo el cambio climático, explica la importancia de su incorporación en las políticas públicas del país. Sin embargo, la revisión de instrumentos de política pública del presente sexenio (2013-2018) expone grandes vacíos y contradicciones que se presentan a través de ejemplos concretos de acciones. El escaso presupuesto destinado a la conservación de suelos (2.12% del presupuesto total de SAGARPA en 2014) aplicado mayormente (más de 80%) a infraestructura hidráulica señala por un lado, la ausencia del reconocimiento del suelo como medio para infiltrar y retener agua; y por el otro, la incipiente incorporación de los estudios sobre carbono en suelos en los instrumentos de política pública correspondientes. Se identifican varios aspectos necesarios para mejorar la transversalidad en torno a la conservación de carbono en suelos: (i) generar políticas públicas que reconozcan las funciones y los servicios ecosistémicos que proveen los suelos, (ii) fortalecer la institucionalidad acerca del tema de suelos, (iii) incentivar los programas de conservación de suelos in situ, que incorporen carbono a través de la promoción de agroecosistemas adaptados a las diversas condiciones territoriales.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: The analysis of an extensive literature review on research into carbon storage in soils of Mexico shows that conservation agriculture and various traditional agroecosystems can significantly increase organic carbon in soils, which in turn affects their resistance to impact raindrop, improves infiltration rate and the amount of water available, increases the content of microbial biomass, reduce erosion, and mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases. The importance acquired by the soil quality on food security and environmental impacts, including climate change, explains the importance for inclusion in public policy. However, the review of public policy instruments of the current governmental period (2013-2018) exposes large gaps and contradictions that arise through concrete examples of actions. The low budget for soil conservation (2.12% of the total budget in 2014 of SAGARPA) applied mostly (over 80%) on water infrastructure, shows on the one hand, the absence of recognition of soil as a means to infiltrate and retain water; and on the other hand, the incipient incorporation of soil carbon studies in the corresponding instruments of public policy. We identified several aspects needed to improve mainstreaming around soil carbon conservation: (i) generate public policies that recognize the functions and ecosystem services provided by soils (ii) strengthening institutionality on the subject of soils (iii) encourage conservation programs in situ that incorporate carbon through the promotion of agro-ecosystems adapted to the various territorial conditions.

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          Most cited references81

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          Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security.

          R. Lal (2004)
          The carbon sink capacity of the world's agricultural and degraded soils is 50 to 66% of the historic carbon loss of 42 to 78 gigatons of carbon. The rate of soil organic carbon sequestration with adoption of recommended technologies depends on soil texture and structure, rainfall, temperature, farming system, and soil management. Strategies to increase the soil carbon pool include soil restoration and woodland regeneration, no-till farming, cover crops, nutrient management, manuring and sludge application, improved grazing, water conservation and harvesting, efficient irrigation, agroforestry practices, and growing energy crops on spare lands. An increase of 1 ton of soil carbon pool of degraded cropland soils may increase crop yield by 20 to 40 kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) for wheat, 10 to 20 kg/ha for maize, and 0.5 to 1 kg/ha for cowpeas. As well as enhancing food security, carbon sequestration has the potential to offset fossil fuel emissions by 0.4 to 1.2 gigatons of carbon per year, or 5 to 15% of the global fossil-fuel emissions.
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            Greenhouse gases in intensive agriculture: contributions of individual gases to the radiative forcing of the atmosphere

            Agriculture plays a major role in the global fluxes of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane. From 1991 to 1999, we measured gas fluxes and other sources of global warming potential (GWP) in cropped and nearby unmanaged ecosystems. Net GWP (grams of carbon dioxide equivalents per square meter per year) ranged from 110 in our conventional tillage systems to -211 in early successional communities. None of the annual cropping systems provided net mitigation, although soil carbon accumulation in no-till systems came closest to mitigating all other sources of GWP. In all but one ecosystem, nitrous oxide production was the single greatest source of GWP. In the late successional system, GWP was neutral because of significant methane oxidation. These results suggest additional opportunities for lessening the GWP of agronomic systems.
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              Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                tl
                Terra Latinoamericana
                Terra Latinoam
                Sociedad Mexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo A.C. (Chapingo, Estado de México, Mexico )
                0187-5779
                2395-8030
                March 2016
                : 34
                : 1
                : 125-138
                Affiliations
                [1] D.F. orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Mexico
                [2] Montecillo Estado de México orgnameColegio de Posgraduados orgdiv1Campus Montecillo Mexico
                Article
                S0187-57792016000100125 S0187-5779(16)03400100125
                b4b8f6cc-6890-4288-b0e6-b60bbc0d4efd

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : September 2015
                : January 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 84, Pages: 14
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                III. Análisis socio-ambiental de la dinámica del carbono del suelo para el diseño de políticas públicas

                transversalidad,conservation agriculture,agricultura de conservación,agroecosystems,adaptation,transversatility,adaptación,agroecosistemas

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