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      Policies are Needed to Increase the Reach and Impact of Evidence-Based Parenting Supports: A Call for a Population-Based Approach to Supporting Parents, Children, and Families

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          Abstract

          Parents can be essential change-agents in their children’s lives. To support parents in their parenting role, a range of programs have been developed and evaluated. In this paper, we provide an overview of the evidence for the effectiveness of parenting interventions for parents and children across a range of outcomes, including child and adolescent mental and physical health, child and adolescent competencies and academic outcomes, parental skills and competencies, parental wellbeing and mental health, and prevention of child maltreatment and family violence. Although there is extensive research showing the effectiveness of evidence-based parenting programs, these are not yet widely available at a population level and many parents are unable to access support. We outline how to achieve increased reach of evidence-based parenting supports, highlighting the policy imperative to adequately support the use of these supports as a way to address high priority mental health, physical health, and social problems.

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          Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study.

          V. Felitti, R F Anda, D Nordenberg … (1998)
          The relationship of health risk behavior and disease in adulthood to the breadth of exposure to childhood emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, and household dysfunction during childhood has not previously been described. A questionnaire about adverse childhood experiences was mailed to 13,494 adults who had completed a standardized medical evaluation at a large HMO; 9,508 (70.5%) responded. Seven categories of adverse childhood experiences were studied: psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence against mother; or living with household members who were substance abusers, mentally ill or suicidal, or ever imprisoned. The number of categories of these adverse childhood experiences was then compared to measures of adult risk behavior, health status, and disease. Logistic regression was used to adjust for effects of demographic factors on the association between the cumulative number of categories of childhood exposures (range: 0-7) and risk factors for the leading causes of death in adult life. More than half of respondents reported at least one, and one-fourth reported > or = 2 categories of childhood exposures. We found a graded relationship between the number of categories of childhood exposure and each of the adult health risk behaviors and diseases that were studied (P or = 50 sexual intercourse partners, and sexually transmitted disease; and 1.4- to 1.6-fold increase in physical inactivity and severe obesity. The number of categories of adverse childhood exposures showed a graded relationship to the presence of adult diseases including ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, skeletal fractures, and liver disease. The seven categories of adverse childhood experiences were strongly interrelated and persons with multiple categories of childhood exposure were likely to have multiple health risk factors later in life. We found a strong graded relationship between the breadth of exposure to abuse or household dysfunction during childhood and multiple risk factors for several of the leading causes of death in adults.
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            Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults

            Vincent Felitti, Robert Anda, Dale Nordenberg … (1998)
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              Prior juvenile diagnoses in adults with mental disorder: developmental follow-back of a prospective-longitudinal cohort.

              Julia Kim-Cohen, Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E Moffitt … (2003)
              If most adults with mental disorders are found to have a juvenile psychiatric history, this would shift etiologic research and prevention policy to focus more on childhood mental disorders. Our prospective longitudinal study followed up a representative birth cohort (N = 1037). We made psychiatric diagnoses according to DSM criteria at 11, 13, 15, 18, 21, and 26 years of age. Adult disorders were defined in the following 3 ways: (1) cases diagnosed using a standardized diagnostic interview, (2) the subset using treatment, and (3) the subset receiving intensive mental health services. Follow-back analyses ascertained the proportion of adult cases who had juvenile diagnoses and the types of juvenile diagnoses they had. Among adult cases defined via the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, 73.9% had received a diagnosis before 18 years of age and 50.0% before 15 years of age. Among treatment-using cases, 76.5% received a diagnosis before 18 years of age and 57.5% before 15 years of age. Among cases receiving intensive mental health services, 77.9% received a diagnosis before 18 years of age and 60.3% before 15 years of age. Adult disorders were generally preceded by their juvenile counterparts (eg, adult anxiety was preceded by juvenile anxiety), but also by different disorders. Specifically, adult anxiety and schizophreniform disorders were preceded by a broad array of juvenile disorders. For all adult disorders, 25% to 60% of cases had a history of conduct and/or oppositional defiant disorder. Most adult disorders should be reframed as extensions of juvenile disorders. In particular, juvenile conduct disorder is a priority prevention target for reducing psychiatric disorder in the adult population.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Frances L. Doyle:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6621-5280
                f.doyle@westernsydney.edu.au
                Alina Morawska: alina@psy.uq.edu.au
                Daryl J. Higgins: Daryl.Higgins@acu.edu.au
                Sophie S. Havighurst: sophie.h@unimelb.edu.au
                Trevor G. Mazzucchelli: trevor.mazzucchelli@curtin.edu.au
                John W. Toumbourou: john.toumbourou@deakin.edu.au
                Christel M. Middeldorp: c.middeldorp@uq.edu.au
                Carys Chainey: c.chainey@uq.edu.au
                Vanessa E. Cobham: vanessa@psy.uq.edu.au
                Paul Harnett: p.harnett@griffith.edu.au
                Matthew R. Sanders: m.sanders@psy.uq.edu.au
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Child Psychiatry Hum Dev
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Child Psychiatry Hum Dev
                Title: Child Psychiatry and Human Development
                Publisher: Springer US (New York )
                ISSN (Print): 0009-398X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-3327
                Publication date (Electronic): 6 January 2022
                Pages: 1-14
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.1013.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 834X, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, , The University of Sydney, ; Sydney, NSW Australia
                [2 ]GRID grid.1029.a, ISNI 0000 0000 9939 5719, School of Psychology, The MARCS Institute for Brain Behaviour and Development, Transforming Early Education and Child Health (TeEACH) Research Centre, Translational Health Research Institute, , Western Sydney University, ; Sydney, NSW Australia
                [3 ]GRID grid.1003.2, ISNI 0000 0000 9320 7537, Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of Psychology, , The University of Queensland, ; Brisbane, QLD Australia
                [4 ]GRID grid.411958.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2194 1270, Institute of Child Protection Studies, , Australian Catholic University, ; Melbourne, VIC, Australia
                [5 ]GRID grid.1008.9, ISNI 0000 0001 2179 088X, Mindful: Centre for Training and Research in Developmental Health, , The University of Melbourne, ; Melbourne, VIC, Australia
                [6 ]GRID grid.1032.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0375 4078, School of Psychology, , Curtin University, ; Perth, WA Australia
                [7 ]GRID grid.1021.2, ISNI 0000 0001 0526 7079, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, , Deakin University, ; Geelong, VIC, Australia
                [8 ]GRID grid.1003.2, ISNI 0000 0000 9320 7537, School of Psychology, , The University of Queensland, ; Brisbane, QLD Australia
                [9 ]GRID grid.1003.2, ISNI 0000 0000 9320 7537, Child Health Research Centre, , The University of Queensland, ; Brisbane, QLD Australia
                [10 ]GRID grid.512914.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0642 3960, Child and Youth Mental Health Service, , Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, ; Brisbane, QLD Australia
                [11 ]GRID grid.1022.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0437 5432, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, , Griffith University, ; Brisbane, QLD, Australia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6621-5280
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1309
                DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01309-0
                PMC ID: 8733919
                PubMed ID: 34989941
                SO-VID: b547aca5-b7e5-4413-9771-0ae71da9de71
                Copyright © © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date accepted : 14 December 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: Australian Research Council’s Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: child development,evidence-based parenting supports,parenting,parenting programs,policy
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: child development, evidence-based parenting supports, parenting, parenting programs, policy

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