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      Unmasking a gap: A new oligoneuriid fossil (Ephemeroptera: Insecta) from the Crato Formation (upper Aptian), Araripe Basin, NE Brazil, with comments on Colocrus McCafferty

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          Abstract

          The Crato Formation (Araripe Basin) preserves one of the most diverse entomofaunas of the Cretaceous. Among the groups of insects, mayflies stand out in abundance, but among them oligoneuriids are especially rare. A newly discovered adult oligoneuriid from this unit is here described as Incogemina nubila gen. et sp. nov. and new subfamily Incogemininae. A phylogenetic analysis recovered the new taxon as the sister group to the species-rich and cosmopolitan Oligoneuriinae. The paratype of Colocrus indivicum, described as an "oligoneuriid" from the same unit, is here reviewed and considered as belonging to the family Hexagenitidae. The biogeographical and taxonomic implications of this discovery and the phylogenetic position of Incogemina nubila are discussed. Incogemina bridge an important morphological gap between the Oligoneuriinae and the extant Chromarcys. Also, it demonstrates that the divergence between Oligoneuriinae and Incogemininae probably occurred in South America.

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          TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics

          Version 1.5 of the computer program TNT completely integrates landmark data into phylogenetic analysis. Landmark data consist of coordinates (in two or three dimensions) for the terminal taxa; TNT reconstructs shapes for the internal nodes such that the difference between ancestor and descendant shapes for all tree branches sums up to a minimum; this sum is used as tree score. Landmark data can be analysed alone or in combination with standard characters; all the applicable commands and options in TNT can be used transparently after reading a landmark data set. The program continues implementing all the types of analyses in former versions, including discrete and continuous characters (which can now be read at any scale, and automatically rescaled by TNT). Using algorithms described in this paper, searches for landmark data can be made tens to hundreds of times faster than it was possible before (from T to 3T times faster, where T is the number of taxa), thus making phylogenetic analysis of landmarks feasible even on standard personal computers.
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            TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis

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              An Empirical Test of Bootstrapping as a Method for Assessing Confidence in Phylogenetic Analysis

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                28 October 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 10
                : e0240365
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Laboratório de Paleontologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
                [2 ] Laboratório de Paleontologia da URCA—LPU, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
                [3 ] Museu de Entomologia, Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
                Natural History Museum of London, UNITED KINGDOM
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3645-3015
                Article
                PONE-D-20-24186
                10.1371/journal.pone.0240365
                7592730
                33112866
                b56e3c0c-08a0-4f0d-b6cf-f826ab487cee
                © 2020 Storari et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 3 August 2020
                : 24 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 0, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003593, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico;
                Award ID: 309666/2019-8
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002322, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior;
                Award ID: 001
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003593, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico;
                Award ID: 309666/2019-8
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005283, Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico;
                Award ID: #BP3-013900202.01.00/18
                Award Recipient :
                This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil ( https://capes.gov.br/) - Finance Code 001, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico ( http://cnpq.br/) - 309666/2019-8 to TR and 309666/2019-8 to FFS, and by the Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico ( https://funcap.ce.gov.br/) to AAFS (#BP3-013900202.01.00/18). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
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