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      Is there impact of mortality prior hemodialysis therapy in peritoneal dialysis patients? Translated title: Impacto de la hemodiálisis previa al tratamiento con diálisis peritoneal en la mortalidad de los pacientes

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          Abstract

          Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the mortality and the factors which may affect it in patients who were transferred to peritoneal dialysis (PD) from hemodialysis (HD), compared to patients assigned to PD as first-line therapy. Material and Methods: A total of 322 patients treated with PD between 2001 and 2010 were evaluated retrospectively. Twenty three patients were excluded and the data of remaining 299 patients (167F, mean follow up time 38.5±26.8 months, mean age 44.7±15.9 years) were evaluated. Patients were separated into two groups according to their HD history. Group 1 and group 2 consisted of patients with (n=48) and without (n=251) a history of prior HD, respectively. Socio-demographic characteristics such as who helped administer the PD and the preference of patients (compulsory vs their preference) were obtained from the patient records. The clinical data obtained during the last clinical evaluation before the initiation of PD (blood pressure, daily urine volumes, daily ultrafiltration amounts and laboratory parameters) were recorded. Additional systemic diseases and information about the etiologies of the end stage renal disease (ESRD) of all patients were recorded. Frequencies of the infectious complications were recorded. Patient and technique survival were investigated and compared between groups. Results: In group 1, the patients were older and had less urine amounts (p=0.028 and 0.041 respectively). Thirty five patients (70%) and 25 patients (9.3%) have been transferred to PD due to vascular problems in group 1 and 2, respectively (p<0.001). In group 1, 37 (74%) patients were carrying out PD treatment by themselves, compared to 222 (88.4%) patients in group 2 (p=0.016). Incidences of peritonitis and catheter exit site/tunnel infection attacks were found 24.9±26.8 and 27.2±26.5 patient-months in group 1, and 27.4±22.4 and 33.4±24.5 patient-months in group 2, respectively (p=0.50 and 0.12). In group 1, twenty three patients have death and 2 patients have discontinued the treatment due to transplantation. In group 2, 174 patients have discontinued the treatment (55 patients have died, 80 patients have been switched to hemodialysis and 39 patients have received renal transplantation). There were significant differences between groups according to the last condition (p<0.001). Mean patient survival were found 22.9±4.2 and 55.5±2.8 patient-months in group 1 and group 2, respectively. The patient survival rates by Kaplan-Meier analysis were 50%, 40.9%, 27.3% and 9.1% at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years in group 1 and 90.9%, 81.6%, 73.9%, 64.9% and 53.1% at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years in group 2, respectively. The mortality rate is higher in patients who have undergone HD before PD compared without HD history (log rank:<0.001). In the Cox proportional hazards model analysis, preference of PD (RR: 7.72, p<0.001), presence of diabetes (RR: 2.26, p=0.01), pretreatment serum albumin level (RR: 0.37, p<0.001) and catheter exit size infection attacks (RR:0.34, p=0.01) were identified as predictors of mortality. Conclusion: Our data show that mortality in patients transferred to PD from HD was higher than in patients undergoing PD as first-line therapy. Compulsory choice such as vascular access problems and social factors were the most important causes of increasing mortality in patients transferred to PD from HD.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo: El presente estudio pretende analizar la mortalidad y los factores que pueden influir en ella en los pacientes que pasan de la hemodiálisis (HD) a la diálisis peritoneal (DP), en comparación con los pacientes a los que se les prescribe DP como tratamiento de elección. Materiales y método: Se evaluaron retrospectivamente 322 pacientes tratados con DP entre 2001 y 2010. Fueron excluidos del estudio 23 pacientes y se evaluaron los datos de los 299 restantes (167 mujeres, tiempo medio de seguimiento: 38,5 ± 26,8 meses; edad media: 44,7 ± 15,9 años). Se formaron dos grupos de pacientes en función de su historial de HD. El grupo 1 y el grupo 2 incluían, respectivamente, a pacientes con (n = 48) y sin (n = 251) historial de HD previa. Las características sociodemográficas como quién colaboraba en la administración de la DP y la preferencia de los pacientes (obligatoria frente a elegida) se recogieron de los historiales de los pacientes. Se registraron los datos clínicos obtenidos durante la última evaluación clínica antes de comenzar con la DP (presión arterial, volúmenes de orina diarios, cantidad de líquido ultrafiltrado diario y parámetros analíticos). Se procedió de igual manera con otras enfermedades sistémicas e información sobre la etiología de la enfermedad renal de etapa terminal (ERET). Se hizo constar la frecuencia de las complicaciones infecciosas y se investigó la supervivencia de los pacientes y de la técnica, comparándose entre los grupos. Resultados: En el grupo 1, los pacientes eran de mayor edad y las cantidades de orina eran inferiores (p = 0,028 y 0,041 respectivamente). Treinta y cinco pacientes (70%) del grupo 1 y 25 (9,3%) del grupo 2 cambiaron a DP debido a problemas vasculares (p < 0,001). En el grupo 1, 37 pacientes (74%) se sometían a tratamiento de DP realizado por ellos mismos, comparado con los 222 pacientes (88,4%) del grupo 2 (p = 0,016). Las incidencias de peritonitis y de infección del orificio de salida y del túnel del catéter peritoneal fueron de 24,9 ± 26,8 y 27,2 ± 26,5 pacientes-mes en el grupo 1 y de 27,4 ± 22,4 y 33,4 ± 24,5 pacientes-mes en el grupo 2 (p = 0,50 y 0,12, respectivamente). En el grupo 1, fallecieron 23 pacientes y otros 2 suspendieron el tratamiento debido a un transplante. En el grupo 2, 174 abandonaron el tratamiento: 55 fallecieron, 80 cambiaron a hemodiálisis y 39 fueron sometidos a transplante renal, con importantes diferencias entre los dos grupos en función de esta última causa (p < 0,001). La supervivencia media de los pacientes fue de 22,9 ± 4,2 y 55,5 ± 2,8 pacientes-mes en el grupo 1 y grupo 2, respectivamente. Las tasas de supervivencia de los pacientes según los análisis de Kaplan-Meier fueron de 50%, 40,9%, 27,3% y 9,1% a los 1, 2, 3, y 4 años en el grupo 1 y de 90,9%, 81,6%, 73,9%, 64,9% y 53,1% a los 1, 2, 3, 4 y 5 años en el grupo 2. La tasa de mortalidad fue mayor en pacientes que se habían sometido a HD antes de la DP que en los pacientes que no tenían historial de HD (log rank < 0,001). En el análisis de los modelos de riesgos proporcionales de Cox, se identificaron la preferencia de DP (RR: 7,72, p < 0,001), la presencia de diabetes (RR: 2,26, p = 0.01), los niveles de albúmina sérica previos al tratamiento (RR: 0,37, p < 0,0001) y las infecciones del orificio de salida del catéter peritoneal (RR: 0,34, p = 0,01) como predictores de mortalidad. Conclusión: Los datos de nuestro estudio demuestran que la mortalidad en pacientes que cambian de HD a DP fue mayor que en los pacientes que recibían DP como tratamiento de elección. Las causas de la obligatoriedad del tratamiento como los problemas de acceso vascular y los factores sociales fueron las más importantes a la hora de aumentar la mortalidad en pacientes que cambiaron de HD a DP.

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          Relative contribution of residual renal function and peritoneal clearance to adequacy of dialysis: a reanalysis of the CANUSA study.

          Studies of the adequacy of peritoneal dialysis and recommendations have assumed that renal and peritoneal clearances are comparable and therefore additive. The CANUSA data were reanalyzed in an effort to address this assumption. Among the 680 patients in the original CANUSA study, 601 had all of the variables of interest for this report. Adequacy of dialysis was estimated from GFR (mean of renal urea and creatinine clearance) and from peritoneal creatinine clearance. The Cox proportional-hazards model was used to evaluate the time-dependent association of these independent variables with patient survival. For each 5 L/wk per 1.73 m(2) increment in GFR, there was a 12% decrease in the relative risk (RR) of death (RR, 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 0.94) but no association with peritoneal creatinine clearance (RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.90 to 1.10). Estimates of fluid removal (24-h urine volume, net peritoneal ultrafiltration, and total fluid removal) then were added to the Cox model. For a 250-ml increment in urine volume, there was a 36% decrease in the RR of death (RR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.80). The association of patient survival with GFR disappeared (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.94 to 1.04). However, neither net peritoneal ultrafiltration nor total fluid removal was associated with patient survival. Although these results may be explained partly, statistically, by less variability in peritoneal clearance than in GFR, the latter seems to be physiologically more important than the former. The assumption of equivalence of peritoneal and renal clearances is not supported by these data. Recommendations for adequate peritoneal dialysis need to be reevaluated in light of these observations.
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            Hemodialysis versus peritoneal dialysis: a comparison of adjusted mortality rates.

            Although kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment method for patients with ESRD, most patients are placed on dialysis either while awaiting transplantation or as their only therapy. The question of which dialytic method provides the best patient survival remains unresolved. Survival analyses comparing hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis/continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis (CAPD/CCPD), a newer and less costly dialytic modality, have yielded conflicting results. Using data obtained from the Canadian Organ Replacement Register, we compared mortality rates between hemodialysis and CAPD/CCPD among 11,970 ESRD patients who initiated treatment between 1990 and 1994 and were followed-up for a maximum of 5 years. Factors controlled for include age, primary renal diagnosis, center size, and predialysis comorbid conditions. The mortality rate ratio (RR) for CAPD/CCPD relative to hemodialysis, as estimated by Poisson regression, was 0.73 (95% confidence interval: 0.68 to 0.78). No such relationship was found when an intent-to-treat Cox regression model was fit. Decreased covariable-adjusted mortality for CAPD/CCPD held within all subgroups defined by age and diabetes status, although the RRs increased with age and diabetes prevalence. The increased mortality on hemodialysis compared with CAPD/CCPD was concentrated in the first 2 years of follow-up. Although continuous peritoneal dialysis was associated with significantly lower mortality rates relative to hemodialysis after adjusting for known prognostic factors, the potential impact of unmeasured patient characteristics must be considered. Notwithstanding, we present evidence that CAPD/CCPD, a newer and less costly method of renal replacement therapy, is not associated with increased mortality rates relative to hemodialysis.
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              Effect of fluid and sodium removal on mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients.

              Effect of fluid and sodium removal on mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients. Adequacy of peritoneal dialysis (PD) traditionally is assessed using Kt/V(urea) and total creatinine clearance (TCC). However, this approach underestimates the importance of fluid and sodium removal. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fluid and sodium removal on morbidity and mortality in PD patients. One hundred twenty-five PD patients were monitored for three years from the beginning of the treatment. The effects of demographic features, comorbidity, peritonitis rate, blood pressure, medications, blood biochemistry, peritoneal membrane transport characteristics, residual renal function (RRF), Kt/V(urea), TCC, normalized protein nitrogen appearance (nPNA), and removal of sodium and fluid on mortality were evaluated. Total and cardiovascular hospitalization rates were also recorded. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine factors predicting mortality. In the Cox model, comorbidity, total sodium and fluid removals, hypertensive status, serum creatinine, and RRF were independent factors affecting survival. In contrast, Kt/V(urea) or TCC did not affect the adjusted survivals. Total sodium and fluid removal and hypertensive status also significantly influenced the hospitalization rate. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were negatively correlated with total fluid (P < 0.001) and sodium removal (P < 0.001). Together, these findings suggest that removal of sodium and fluid is a predictor of mortality in PD patients, whereas Kt/V(urea) and TCC are not factors. Adequate fluid and sodium balance is crucial for the management of patients on PD.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nefrologia
                Nefrología (Madrid)
                Nefrología (Madr.)
                Sociedad Española de Nefrología (Cantabria, Santander, Spain )
                0211-6995
                1989-2284
                2012
                : 32
                : 3
                : 335-342
                Affiliations
                [01] Istanbul orgnameSisli Etfal Research and Educational Hospital orgdiv1Department of Nephrology Turkey
                Article
                S0211-69952012000500010
                22508142
                b5fdab5e-b4f3-4e82-842d-6c46b3614423

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 September 2011
                : 15 January 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 36, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Diálisis peritoneal,Mortalidad,Hemodiálisis,Peritoneal dialysis,Mortality,Haemodialysis

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