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      Environmental intervention as a tool for control of schistosomiasis: suggestions from a field study in Northeast Brazil Translated title: Controle da esquistossomose mediante emprego de medidas ambientais: sugestões a partir de um estudo de campo no nordeste brasileiro

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          Abstract

          The present survey from the State of Alagoas (Brazil) emphasized, once again, the importance of peridomestic or neighbourhood foci in the transmission of schistosomiasis mansoni. Although the study area consisted of a compact and densely populated urban community (Bairro Frio, União dos Palmares county), prevalence as well as the distribution of high egg counts was quite patchy, exhibiting a spatial pattern correlated with the distribution of ditches and other small-sized collections of surface water. Despite the availability of satisfactory water supply in most households, as well as the absence of any major body of water capable of furthering transmission, egg counts in Bairro Frio exceeded any other in our previous experience. Morbidity, however, appeared to be insignificant, a trend which has been observed over the last decade in several other highly endemic areas. It appears clear to the authors that the control of transmission requires investment in environmental intervention and that this proposal, far from being utopic, can be furthered by quite modest means and through the participation of community or neighbourhood groups.

          Translated abstract

          O presente estudo, realizado no Estado de Alagoas, mais uma vez demonstrou o papel relevante dos focos peridomiciliares ou de vizinhança na transmissão da esquistossomose. Embora se trate de uma área urbana, compacta e densamente povoada (Bairro Frio, município de União dos Palmares), a distribuição tanto da prevalência como dos indivíduos com contagem de ovos elevada nas fezes obedeceu a nítido padrão espacial, altamente correlacionado com a distribuição de valetas de drenagem e outras pequenas coleções de água. Embora a maioria dos habitantes tenha acesso a água potável e, não obstante a ausência de coleções de água de algum vulto, capazes de manter a transmissão, a intensidade das contagens de ovos superou quaisquer dados anteriormente obtidos em outras áreas. Ainda assim, a morbidade mostrou-se inexpressiva, tendência já observada na última década em outras regiões hiperendêmicas. Os autores estão convencidos que o controle da transmissão requer esforços na sentido de melhorar as condições ambientais e que semelhante proposta é inteiramente viável, podendo ser concretizada com o emprego de recursos bastante modestos e contando com a participação da comunidade.

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          Most cited references28

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          Splenomegaly in schistosomiasis mansoni.

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            The relevance of schistosomiasis for public health.

            B Gryseels (1989)
            This paper reviews the impact of schistosomiasis on public health and weighs the results against experiences with new control methods in subsaharan Africa. Good short-term results have been obtained with large-scale population-oriented chemotherapy, but long-term sustainability is dubious due to rapid reinfection, high costs, and low compatibility with existing, often inadequate health structures. Infection control per se is therefore considered unrealistic. For the control of symptomatic morbidity, such as dysenteric syndromes and haematuria, the improvement of basic curative health services should be the first and perhaps only measure. Cases of more serious, chronic morbidity are infrequent in many endemic areas and their prevention through population-oriented chemotherapy would be very costly, whereas good curative care may prevent most of such cases as well. If necessary, supplementary interventions should really be aimed at serious pathology; one treatment in older adolescents might then be as effective as repeated treatments in young children. In a limited number of areas, overwhelming morbidity leads to emergency situations in which mass chemotherapy may be a justifiable short-term intervention.
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              Ultrasonographical investigation of periportal fibrosis in children with Schistosoma mansoni infection: reversibility of morbidity seven months after treatment with praziquantel.

              Five hundred thirty six Sudanese schoolchildren with Schistosoma mansoni infection were treated at random with either 20 mg or 40 mg/kg praziquantel. Seven months later 420 children could be reinvestigated by ultrasonography. Reduction of egg excretion and reversibility of sonographically-proven periportal fibrosis (PF) was not significantly different in the two groups. Schistosoma mansoni-induced PF grade II decreased from 22.9% to 6.7% and grade III from 5.2% to 1.6%. An increased prevalence of PF grade I, from 10% to 29.8% of the investigated patients, was observed. This increase was caused partly by a downshifting of patients who had PF II (n = 45) and PF III (n = 8) before therapy, but also by patients who developed PF I in the seven months after therapy (n = 56). The overall percentage of patients with PF before and after treatment was 38.1%. Of 420 children, 17.4% increased in their PF grade, 55% remained at the same level and 27.6% improved. Children younger than 11 years of age had a higher rate of complete reversibility than older ones. The percentage of patients with hepatomegaly decreased significantly (11.6% to 6.9%; p = 0.001). The rate of splenomegaly remained unchanged. It was concluded that within seven months therapy with praziquantel resulted in a considerable qualitative improvement of PF in Sudanese schoolchildren with S. mansoni infection.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro )
                1678-4464
                July 1994
                : 10
                : suppl 2
                : S337-S344
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Prefeitura do Muncípio de Santos Brasil
                [2 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0102-311X1994000800011
                b65d5a9a-3cd1-4de9-892e-90b27a9f47f0

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0102-311X&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Schistosomiasis,Schistosoma mansoni,Control,Community Participation,Esquistossomose,Controle,Participação da Comunidade

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