INTERFACES NEURONALES Y SISTEMAS MÁQUINA-CEREBRO: FUNDAMENTOS Y APLICACIONES. REVISIÓN

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Abstract

Debido a la alta incidencia de personas en situación de discapacidad motora y sensorial, la investigación en el desarrollo de interfaces neuronales y sistemas de comunicación máquina-cerebro ha tenido gran auge a través de los últimos diez años. La construcción de estas interfaces requiere un trabajo coordinado de disciplinas como: fisiología, ciencia de los materiales, instrumentación y procesamiento de señales, inteligencia computacional, mecánica, electrónica, robótica e informática, entre otras. Todas ellas para lograr una correcta interconexión entre el funcionamiento del sistema nervioso, la construcción de electrodos biocompatibles, la obtención de señales aptas para el procesamiento, la clasificación e identificación de patrones codificados y el diseño de los elementos efectores que den sentido a la interfaz. En esta revisión se hace un recorrido por las tres etapas fundamentales de las interfaces neuronales: la detección de las señales, el procesamiento de estas y la amplia gama de posibilidades para los mecanismos efectores.

Translated abstract

During the past ten years the Neural Interfaces and brain-computer communication systems area has become an important field for research, in part due to the increasing statistics of motor and sensorial disabilities. The development of these systems and interfaces requires the coordinated work of different areas such as physiology, materials science, instrumentation and signal processing, computational intelligence, mechanics, electronics, robotics, and informatics, among others. They allowed the right integration between the nervous system physiology, the construction of biocompatible electrodes, the acquiring of proper signals for processing, the classification and identification of coded patterns and the design of the actuators elements to finally achieve the goal of the interface. In this review the three basic stages of neural interfaces are shown. This includes: signal acquiring, signal processing and the wide variety of applications with the effectors systems.

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Most cited references 15

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Cognitive neural prosthetics.

Richard Andersen, Eun Jung Hwang, Grant Mulliken (2010)

The cognitive neural prosthetic (CNP) is a very versatile method for assisting paralyzed patients and patients with amputations. The CNP records the cognitive state of the subject, rather than signals strictly related to motor execution or sensation. We review a number of high-level cortical signals and their application for CNPs, including intention, motor imagery, decision making, forward estimation, executive function, attention, learning, and multi-effector movement planning. CNPs are defined by the cognitive function they extract, not the cortical region from which the signals are recorded. However, some cortical areas may be better than others for particular applications. Signals can also be extracted in parallel from multiple cortical areas using multiple implants, which in many circumstances can increase the range of applications of CNPs. The CNP approach relies on scientific understanding of the neural processes involved in cognition, and many of the decoding algorithms it uses also have parallels to underlying neural circuit functions.