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      2015 ACVIM Small Animal Consensus Statement on Seizure Management in Dogs

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          Abstract

          This report represents a scientific and working clinical consensus statement on seizure management in dogs based on current literature and clinical expertise. The goal was to establish guidelines for a predetermined, concise, and logical sequential approach to chronic seizure management starting with seizure identification and diagnosis (not included in this report), reviewing decision‐making, treatment strategies, focusing on issues related to chronic antiepileptic drug treatment response and monitoring, and guidelines to enhance patient response and quality of life. Ultimately, we hope to provide a foundation for ongoing and future clinical epilepsy research in veterinary medicine.

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          New avenues for anti-epileptic drug discovery and development.

          Dieter Schmidt, R Twyman, Wolfgang Löscher … (2013)
          Despite the introduction of over 15 third-generation anti-epileptic drugs, current medications fail to control seizures in 20-30% of patients. However, our understanding of the mechanisms mediating the development of epilepsy and the causes of drug resistance has grown substantially over the past decade, providing opportunities for the discovery and development of more efficacious anti-epileptic and anti-epileptogenic drugs. In this Review we discuss how previous preclinical models and clinical trial designs may have hampered the discovery of better treatments. We propose that future anti-epileptic drug development may be improved through a new joint endeavour between academia and the industry, through the identification and application of tools for new target-driven approaches, and through comparative preclinical proof-of-concept studies and innovative clinical trials designs.
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            International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus report on epilepsy definition, classification and terminology in companion animals

            Mette Berendt, Robyn G. Farquhar, Paul Mandigers … (2015)
            Dogs with epilepsy are among the commonest neurological patients in veterinary practice and therefore have historically attracted much attention with regard to definitions, clinical approach and management. A number of classification proposals for canine epilepsy have been published during the years reflecting always in parts the current proposals coming from the human epilepsy organisation the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). It has however not been possible to gain agreed consensus, “a common language”, for the classification and terminology used between veterinary and human neurologists and neuroscientists, practitioners, neuropharmacologists and neuropathologists. This has led to an unfortunate situation where different veterinary publications and textbook chapters on epilepsy merely reflect individual author preferences with respect to terminology, which can be confusing to the readers and influence the definition and diagnosis of epilepsy in first line practice and research studies. In this document the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force (IVETF) discusses current understanding of canine epilepsy and presents our 2015 proposal for terminology and classification of epilepsy and epileptic seizures. We propose a classification system which reflects new thoughts from the human ILAE but also roots in former well accepted terminology. We think that this classification system can be used by all stakeholders.
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              Increased hippocampal noradrenaline is a biomarker for efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in a limbic seizure model.

              Tine Wyckhuys, Ralph Clinckers, Wytse Wadman … (2011)
              Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an effective adjunctive treatment for medically refractory epilepsy. In this study, we measured VNS-induced changes in hippocampal neurotransmitter levels and determined their potential involvement in the anticonvulsive action of VNS, to elucidate the mechanism of action responsible for the seizure suppressing effect of VNS in an animal model for limbic seizures. We used in vivo intracerebral microdialysis to measure VNS-induced changes in hippocampal extracellular concentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and GABA in freely moving, male Wistar rats. During the same experiment, the effect of VNS on pilocarpine-induced limbic seizures was assessed using video-EEG monitoring. The involvement of VNS-induced increases in hippocampal noradrenaline in the mechanims of action of VNS was evaluated by blocking hippocampal α(2)-receptors. VNS produced a significant increase in hippocampal noradrenaline concentration (69 ± 16% above baseline levels). VNS also increased the latency between pilocarpine infusion and the onset of epileptiform discharges, and reduced the duration and severity of pilocarpine-induced limbic seizures. A strong positive correlation was found between the noradrenergic and anticonvulsive effects of VNS. Blockade of hippocampal α(2 -receptors reversed the seizure-suppressing effect of VNS. VNS induces increases in extracellular hippocampal noradrenaline, which are at least partly responsible for its seizure-suppressing effect in a model for limbic seizures, and constitute a potential biomarker for the efficacy of VNS in temporal lobe epilepsy. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Neurochemistry © 2011 International Society for Neurochemistry.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Vet Intern Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Vet. Intern. Med
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)1939-1676
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JVIM
                Title: Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 0891-6640
                ISSN (Electronic): 1939-1676
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 February 2016
                Publication date (Print): Mar-Apr 2016
                Volume: 30
                Issue: 2 ( doiID: 10.1111/jvim.2016.30.issue-2 )
                Pages: 477-490
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Medvet ChicagoMedical and Cancer Centers for Pets Chicago IL
                [ 2 ] Department of Neurosurgery Pritzker School of MedicineThe University of Chicago Chicago IL
                [ 3 ] Department of Clinical Sciences and Services Small Animal Medicine and Surgery GroupThe Royal Veterinary College Hatfield HertfordshireUK
                [ 4 ] Department of Veterinary and Clinical Animal Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen CopenhagenDenmark
                [ 5 ] Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and PharmacyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverGermany
                [ 6 ]Center for Systems Neuroscience HannoverGermany
                [ 7 ] Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State University Raleigh NC
                [ 8 ] Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine St. Paul MN
                [ 9 ] Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Georgia Athens GA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ]Corresponding author: M. Podell, Medvet Chicago, Medical and Cancer Centers for Pets, 3123 N. Clybourn, Chicago, IL 60618; e‐mail: mpodell@ 123456medvetforpets.com .
                Article
                Publisher ID: JVIM13841
                DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13841
                PMC ID: 4913615
                PubMed ID: 26899355
                SO-VID: b6b52427-e41e-446a-a334-4f56e2e0a072
                Copyright © Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

                History
                Date received : 04 January 2016
                Date revision received : 18 January 2016
                Date accepted : 18 January 2016
                Page count
                Pages: 14
                Categories
                Subject: ACVIM Consensus Statement
                Subject: Consensus Statement
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                component-id jvim13841
                cover-date March/April 2016
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:4.9.1 mode:remove_FC converted:17.06.2016

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: cerebrospinal fluid,dogs,epilepsy,magnetic resonance imaging,neurologic disorder
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: cerebrospinal fluid, dogs, epilepsy, magnetic resonance imaging, neurologic disorder

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