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      Breeding season of the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis, Otariidae: Carnivora): New data for establishing independent evolutionary histories? Translated title: Temporada reproductiva del lobo fino Sudamericano (Arctocephalus australis, Otariidae: Carnivora):: ¿Nuevos antecedentes para establecer historias evolutivas independientes?

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          Abstract

          The South American fur seal (SAFS) is distributed from Peru (Pacific Ocean) to Uruguay (Atlantic Ocean). However, there is a section of coastline of about 2,300 km along the Chilean coast where no SAFS are recorded. Based on morphological comparisons 3 geographic forms have been reported (Peruvian, South Chilean, Atlantic), whereas preliminary genetic studies suggest the presence of 3 distinct genetic types (Peruvian, South Chile, Atlantic). However, both of these approaches are support only the existence of 2 independent evolutionary histories for SAFS (Peruvian, Atlantic), in which case, we would also expect to find some differences in the species' life histories among these locals populations (e.g., in the timing of the breeding season). In this study, we compare the breeding seasons of SAFS at Punta Pichalo (19°36'S-Chile), Isla Guafo (43°33'S-Chile), and Isla de Lobos (35°01'S-Uruguay) with data published for Punta San Juan (15°21'S-Peru). The periods for establishing territories, pupping, and mating took place on similar dates at Isla Guafo and Isla de Lobos, but occurred about a month earlier at Punta Pichalo and Punta San Juan. Pupping peaked at Isla Guafo on 15- December, at Isla de Lobos on 17- December, and at Punta Pichalo on 27- November. These differences in timing were not related to demographic, oceanographic or photoperiod conditions of the breeding sites under study, neither is related with the latitudinal effects on the breeding phenology. Based on results, we suggest that certain characteristics of life history can help identify species with independent evolutionary histories.

          Translated abstract

          El lobo fino Sudamericano (SAFS) se distribuye desde Perú hasta Uruguay. Sin embargo, existe un área de 2,300 km a lo largo de la costa de Chile donde no se registran ejemplares de SAFS. A partir de comparaciones morfológicas se ha identificado la presencia de 3 formas geográficas (Peruana, Chilena austral y Atlántica), a la vez que estudios moleculares preliminares sugieren la presencia de 3 tipos genéticos distintivos (Peruana, Chilena austral y Atlántico). Sin embargo, ambas aproximaciones apoyan la existencia de 2 historias evolutivas independientes para los SAFS (Peruana, Atlántica), en cuyo caso, se podría esperar encontrar similares diferencias también en aspectos de la historias de vida de la especie entre estas poblaciones locales (e.g., en el tiempo de la estación reproductiva). En este estudio, se comparó la estación reproductiva de ejemplares del SAFS establecidas en Punta Pichalo (19°36'S-Chile), Isla Guafo (43°33'S-Chile), e Isla de Lobos (35°01'S-Uruguay) con otros datos publicados para Punta San Juan (15°21'S-Perú). El periodo de formación de los harenes, el periodo de pariciones y el de cópulas ocurrieron en fechas semejantes en Punta Pichalo y Punta San Juan y aproximadamente un mes más tarde en Isla Guafo e Isla de Lobos. El máximo de pariciones se registró en Isla Guafo el 15 de diciembre, en Isla de Lobos el 17 de diciembre, y en Punta Pichalo el 27 de noviembre. Estas diferencias no estuvieron relacionadas con las características demográficas, ni con las condiciones oceanográficas o con el fotoperiodo de las colonias bajo estudio, ni tampoco estaría relacionado con el efecto latitudinal sobre la fenología reproductiva. En base a los resultados, se sugiere que ciertas características de las historias de vidas pueden también ayudar a identificar especies con historias evolutivas independientes.

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          The ecology and evolution of reproductive synchrony.

          Rolf Ims (1990)
          The temporal pattern of breeding in populations is often characterized by a pronounced temporal clustering of births, flowering or seed set. It has long been suspected that this phenomenon is not caused by climatic seasonality alone but that reproductive synchrony represents a strategy that individuals adopt to maximize reproductive success. The classical hypotheses predicting an adaptive advantage of reproductive synchrony incorporate both sociobiological and ecological explanations. However, new theoretical and empirical analyses have shown that the predicted advantage of reproductive synchrony depends on the ecological setting in which populations reproduce, and processes earlier thought to be responsible only for synchrony may under some ecological conditions lead to asynchronous reproduction being the best strategy. Copyright © 1990. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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            Biostatistical analysis

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              Pinniped taxonomy: review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                revbiolmar
                Revista de biología marina y oceanografía
                Rev. biol. mar. oceanogr.
                Universidad de Valparaíso. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar
                0718-1957
                August 2016
                : 51
                : 2
                : 241-253
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Austral de Chile Chile
                [2 ] Universidad Santo Tomás Chile
                [3 ] Universidad de la República Uruguay
                [4 ] Ministerio de Ganadería Agricultura y Pesca Uruguay
                [5 ] Universidad Arturo Prat Chile
                [6 ] FONDAP Chile
                [7 ] Ministerio de Medio Ambiente Uruguay
                [8 ] Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales `Bernardino Rivadavia' Argentina
                Article
                S0718-19572016000200003
                10.4067/S0718-19572016000200003
                b7540681-7032-4bc3-8fdb-149ea58e2b09

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                SciELO Chile

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0718-1957&lng=en
                Categories
                MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY
                OCEANOGRAPHY

                Oceanography & Hydrology,Ecology
                Lobo fino,estación reproductiva,fenología reproductiva,unidades evolutivas independientes,Fur seals,breeding season,breeding phenology,evolutionary independent units

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