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      Understanding loneliness in the twenty-first century: an update on correlates, risk factors, and potential solutions

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          Increases in Depressive Symptoms, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and Suicide Rates Among U.S. Adolescents After 2010 and Links to Increased New Media Screen Time

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            The Neuroendocrinology of Social Isolation

            Social isolation has been recognized as a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality in humans for more than a quarter of a century. Although the focus of research has been on objective social roles and health behavior, the brain is the key organ for forming, monitoring, maintaining, repairing, and replacing salutary connections with others. Accordingly, population-based longitudinal research indicates that perceived social isolation (loneliness) is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality independent of objective social isolation and health behavior. Human and animal investigations of neuroendocrine stress mechanisms that may be involved suggest that (a) chronic social isolation increases the activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical axis, and (b) these effects are more dependent on the disruption of a social bond between a significant pair than objective isolation per se. The relational factors and neuroendocrine, neurobiological, and genetic mechanisms that may contribute to the association between perceived isolation and mortality are reviewed.
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              Influences on Loneliness in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
                Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol
                Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                0933-7954
                1433-9285
                July 2020
                June 10 2020
                July 2020
                : 55
                : 7
                : 793-810
                Article
                10.1007/s00127-020-01889-7
                32524169
                b782c405-5869-495a-b7c9-424f8efb1c3e
                © 2020

                http://www.springer.com/tdm

                http://www.springer.com/tdm

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