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      The effect of extreme temperatures on soil organic matter decomposition from Atlantic oak forest ecosystems

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          Summary

          This work designs a heatwave with a calorimeter to analyze the response of soils from oak forest ecosystems to increasing temperature from 20°C to 60°C and to cooling from 60°C to 20°C. Calorimetry measures the heat rate of the soil organic matter decomposition and the response to increasing and decreasing temperatures directly. It was applied to soil samples representing different soil horizons with organic matter at different degree of decomposition given by their heat of combustion, calculated by differential scanning calorimetry. Results showed temperature-dependent decomposition rates from 20°C to 40°C or 50°C typical for enzymatic activity. From 40°C to 60°C, changes in the rates are less predictable. Data analysis during cooling showed that all samples suffered losses of their enzymatic capacity and that only those with the heat of combustion values close to that of carbohydrates resisted the heat wave.

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          Highlights

          • •

            SOM from different soil horizons is subjected to an extreme calorimetric heat wave

          • •

            Soil samples are from Atlantic oak forests

          • •

            LF soil horizon resists the heat wave

          • •

            Mineral soil samples do not resist the heat wave

          Abstract

          Earth-surface processes; Soil science; Global change; Biogeoscience

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          Most cited references37

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          Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change.

          Eric Davidson, Ivan Janssens (2006)
          Significantly more carbon is stored in the world's soils--including peatlands, wetlands and permafrost--than is present in the atmosphere. Disagreement exists, however, regarding the effects of climate change on global soil carbon stocks. If carbon stored belowground is transferred to the atmosphere by a warming-induced acceleration of its decomposition, a positive feedback to climate change would occur. Conversely, if increases of plant-derived carbon inputs to soils exceed increases in decomposition, the feedback would be negative. Despite much research, a consensus has not yet emerged on the temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition. Unravelling the feedback effect is particularly difficult, because the diverse soil organic compounds exhibit a wide range of kinetic properties, which determine the intrinsic temperature sensitivity of their decomposition. Moreover, several environmental constraints obscure the intrinsic temperature sensitivity of substrate decomposition, causing lower observed 'apparent' temperature sensitivity, and these constraints may, themselves, be sensitive to climate.
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            Thermal adaptation of soil microbial respiration to elevated temperature.

            Mark A Bradford, Christian A. Davies, Serita Frey … (2008)
            In the short-term heterotrophic soil respiration is strongly and positively related to temperature. In the long-term, its response to temperature is uncertain. One reason for this is because in field experiments increases in respiration due to warming are relatively short-lived. The explanations proposed for this ephemeral response include depletion of fast-cycling, soil carbon pools and thermal adaptation of microbial respiration. Using a > 15 year soil warming experiment in a mid-latitude forest, we show that the apparent 'acclimation' of soil respiration at the ecosystem scale results from combined effects of reductions in soil carbon pools and microbial biomass, and thermal adaptation of microbial respiration. Mass-specific respiration rates were lower when seasonal temperatures were higher, suggesting that rate reductions under experimental warming likely occurred through temperature-induced changes in the microbial community. Our results imply that stimulatory effects of global temperature rise on soil respiration rates may be lower than currently predicted.
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              Xylanases, xylanase families and extremophilic xylanases.

              Tony Collins, Charles Gerday, Georges Feller (2005)
              Xylanases are hydrolytic enzymes which randomly cleave the beta 1,4 backbone of the complex plant cell wall polysaccharide xylan. Diverse forms of these enzymes exist, displaying varying folds, mechanisms of action, substrate specificities, hydrolytic activities (yields, rates and products) and physicochemical characteristics. Research has mainly focused on only two of the xylanase containing glycoside hydrolase families, namely families 10 and 11, yet enzymes with xylanase activity belonging to families 5, 7, 8 and 43 have also been identified and studied, albeit to a lesser extent. Driven by industrial demands for enzymes that can operate under process conditions, a number of extremophilic xylanases have been isolated, in particular those from thermophiles, alkaliphiles and acidiphiles, while little attention has been paid to cold-adapted xylanases. Here, the diverse physicochemical and functional characteristics, as well as the folds and mechanisms of action of all six xylanase containing families will be discussed. The adaptation strategies of the extremophilic xylanases isolated to date and the potential industrial applications of these enzymes will also be presented.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Nieves Barros
                José Antonio Rodríguez-Añon
                Jorge Proupín
                César Pérez-Cruzado
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): iScience
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): iScience
                Title: iScience
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2589-0042
                Publication date PMC-release: 27 November 2021
                Publication date Collection: 17 December 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 November 2021
                Volume: 24
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: 103527
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Applied Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
                [2 ]Department of Crop Production and Engineering Projects, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author nieves.barros@ 123456usc.es
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author ja.rodriguez.anon@ 123456usc.es
                [∗∗∗ ]Corresponding author xurxo.proupin@ 123456usc.es
                [∗∗∗∗ ]Corresponding author cesar.cruzado@ 123456usc.es
                [3]

                Lead contact

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2589-0042(21)01498-X Publisher ID: 103527
                DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103527
                PMC ID: 8668988
                SO-VID: b7de57ec-9bad-40ff-87b9-7127741fafa0
                Copyright © © 2021 The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 27 May 2021
                Date revision received : 27 September 2021
                Date accepted : 4 November 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: earth-surface processes,soil science,global change,biogeoscience
                Data availability:
                Keywords: earth-surface processes, soil science, global change, biogeoscience

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