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      Cytology, biochemistry and molecular changes during coffee fruit development

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          Abstract

          In commercial coffee species (Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora), fruit development is a lengthy process, characterized by tissue changes and evolutions. For example, soon after fecundation and up to mid development, the fruit is mainly constituted of the pericarp and perisperm tissue. Thereafter, the perisperm gradually disappears and is progressively replaced by the endosperm (true seed). Initially present in a "liquid" state, the endosperm hardens as it ripens during the maturation phase, as a result of accumulation of storage proteins, sucrose and complex polysaccharides representing the main reserves of the seed. The last step of maturation is characterized by the dehydration of the endosperm and the color change of the pericarp. Important quantitative and qualitative changes accompany fruit growth, highlighting the importance of its study to better understand the final characteristics of coffee beans. Following a description of the coffee fruit tissues, this review presents some data concerning biochemical, enzymatic and gene expression variations observed during the coffee fruit development. The latter will also be analyzed in the light of recent data (electronic expression profiles) arising from the Brazilian Coffee Genome Project.

          Translated abstract

          Em espécies comerciais de café (Coffea arabica e Coffea canephora), o desenvolvimento do fruto de café é um processo longo, caracterizado por mudanças e evoluções nos tecidos. Por exemplo, logo após a fecundação e até a metade do desenvolvimento, o fruto é principalmente constituído pelo pericarpo e perisperma. Em seguida, o perisperma gradualmente desaparece e é progressivamente substituído pelo endosperma (semente verdadeira). Inicialmente o endosperma apresenta-se no estado "líquido", o endosperma endurece durante a fase de maturação, como resultado do acúmulo gradual de proteínas de reserva, sacarose e polissacarídeos complexos representando as principais reservas da semente. O último passo da maturação é caracterizado pela desidratação do endosperma e pela mudança de cor do pericarpo. Importantes alterações quantitativas e qualitativas acompanham o crescimento do fruto, ilustrando a importância do seu estudo para melhor compreender as características finais das sementes de café. Seguindo a descrição dos tecidos do fruto de café, esta revisão apresenta alguns dados relativos às variações bioquímicas, enzimáticas e de expressão gênica durante o desenvolvimento do fruto. A expressão de genes será também analisada em função de dados recentes (perfil de expressão eletrônica) oriundos do Projeto Genoma Brasileiro Café.

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          Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs.

          S Altschul (1997)
          The BLAST programs are widely used tools for searching protein and DNA databases for sequence similarities. For protein comparisons, a variety of definitional, algorithmic and statistical refinements described here permits the execution time of the BLAST programs to be decreased substantially while enhancing their sensitivity to weak similarities. A new criterion for triggering the extension of word hits, combined with a new heuristic for generating gapped alignments, yields a gapped BLAST program that runs at approximately three times the speed of the original. In addition, a method is introduced for automatically combining statistically significant alignments produced by BLAST into a position-specific score matrix, and searching the database using this matrix. The resulting Position-Specific Iterated BLAST (PSI-BLAST) program runs at approximately the same speed per iteration as gapped BLAST, but in many cases is much more sensitive to weak but biologically relevant sequence similarities. PSI-BLAST is used to uncover several new and interesting members of the BRCT superfamily.
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            Purification, cloning, and properties of an acyltransferase controlling shikimate and quinate ester intermediates in phenylpropanoid metabolism.

            A protein hydrolyzing hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA esters has been purified from tobacco stem extracts by a series of high pressure liquid chromatography steps. The determination of its N-terminal amino acid sequence allowed design of primers permitting the corresponding cDNA to be cloned by PCR. Sequence analysis revealed that the tobacco gene belongs to a plant acyltransferase gene family, the members of which have various functions. The tobacco cDNA was expressed in bacterial cells as a recombinant protein fused to glutathione S-transferase. The fusion protein was affinity-purified and cleaved to yield the recombinant enzyme for use in the study of catalytic properties. The enzyme catalyzed the synthesis of shikimate and quinate esters shown recently to be substrates of the cytochrome P450 3-hydroxylase involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The enzyme has been named hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase. We show that p-coumaroyl-CoA and caffeoyl-CoA are the best acyl group donors and that the acyl group is transferred more efficiently to shikimate than to quinate. The enzyme also catalyzed the reverse reaction, i.e. the formation of caffeoyl-CoA from chlorogenate (5-O-caffeoyl quinate ester). Thus, hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase appears to control the biosynthesis and turnover of major plant phenolic compounds such as lignin and chlorogenic acid.
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              Molecular characterisation and origin of the Coffea arabica L. genome.

              Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used in combination with genomic in situ hybridisation (GISH) to investigate the origin of the allotetraploid species Coffea arabica (2n = 44). By comparing the RFLP patterns of potential diploid progenitor species with those of C. arabica, the sources of the two sets of chromosomes, or genomes, combined in C. arabica were identified. The genome organisation of C. arabica was confirmed by GISH using simultaneously labelled total genomic DNA from the two putative genome donor species as probes. These results clearly suggest that C. arabica is an amphidiploid formed by hybridisation between C. eugenioides and C. canephora, or ecotypes related to these diploid species. Our results also indicate low divergence between the two constituent genomes of C. arabica and those of its progenitor species, suggesting that the speciation of C. arabica took place relatively recently. Precise localisation in Central Africa of the site of the speciation of C. arabica, based on the present distribution of the coffee species, appears difficult, since the constitution and extent of tropical forest has varied considerably during the late Quaternary period.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bjpp
                Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology
                Braz. J. Plant Physiol.
                Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology (Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil )
                1677-9452
                March 2006
                : 18
                : 1
                : 175-199
                Affiliations
                [03] Londrina PR orgnameInstituto Agronômico do Paraná orgdiv1LBI Brazil
                [02] Montpellier orgnameCIRAD orgdiv1UMR France
                [01] Salvador BA orgnameUCSAL orgdiv1LEMA Brazil
                Article
                S1677-04202006000100013 S1677-0420(06)01800113
                10.1590/S1677-04202006000100013
                b86c379d-ae58-4a7e-9a18-f0e3256c832d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 186, Pages: 25
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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
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                Coffea spp,perisperm,ciclo celular,desenvolvimento da semente,endosperma,EST,expressão gênica,pericarpo,perisperma,bean development,cell cycle,endosperm,gene expression,pericarp

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