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      Satellite derived offshore migratory movements of southern right whales ( Eubalaena australis) from Australian and New Zealand wintering grounds

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          Abstract

          Southern right whales ( Eubalaena australis) migrate between Austral-winter calving and socialising grounds to offshore mid- to high latitude Austral-summer feeding grounds. In Australasia, winter calving grounds used by southern right whales extend from Western Australia across southern Australia to the New Zealand sub-Antarctic Islands. During the Austral-summer these whales are thought to migrate away from coastal waters to feed, but the location of these feeding grounds is only inferred from historical whaling data. We present new information on the satellite derived offshore migratory movements of six southern right whales from Australasian wintering grounds. Two whales were tagged at the Auckland Islands, New Zealand, and the remaining four at Australian wintering grounds, one at Pirates Bay, Tasmania, and three at Head of Bight, South Australia. The six whales were tracked for an average of 78.5 days (range: 29 to 150) with average individual distance of 38 km per day (range: 20 to 61 km). The length of individually derived tracks ranged from 645–6,381 km. Three likely foraging grounds were identified: south-west Western Australia, the Subtropical Front, and Antarctic waters, with the Subtropical Front appearing to be a feeding ground for both New Zealand and Australian southern right whales. In contrast, the individual tagged in Tasmania, from a sub-population that is not showing evidence of post-whaling recovery, displayed a distinct movement pattern to much higher latitude waters, potentially reflecting a different foraging strategy. Variable population growth rates between wintering grounds in Australasia could reflect fidelity to different quality feeding grounds. Unlike some species of baleen whale populations that show movement along migratory corridors, the new satellite tracking data presented here indicate variability in the migratory pathways taken by southern right whales from Australia and New Zealand, as well as differences in potential Austral summer foraging grounds.

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          The importance of oceanographic fronts to marine birds and mammals of the southern oceans

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            Evidence that ship noise increases stress in right whales.

            Baleen whales (Mysticeti) communicate using low-frequency acoustic signals. These long-wavelength sounds can be detected over hundreds of kilometres, potentially allowing contact over large distances. Low-frequency noise from large ships (20-200 Hz) overlaps acoustic signals used by baleen whales, and increased levels of underwater noise have been documented in areas with high shipping traffic. Reported responses of whales to increased noise include: habitat displacement, behavioural changes and alterations in the intensity, frequency and intervals of calls. However, it has been unclear whether exposure to noise results in physiological responses that may lead to significant consequences for individuals or populations. Here, we show that reduced ship traffic in the Bay of Fundy, Canada, following the events of 11 September 2001, resulted in a 6 dB decrease in underwater noise with a significant reduction below 150 Hz. This noise reduction was associated with decreased baseline levels of stress-related faecal hormone metabolites (glucocorticoids) in North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis). This is the first evidence that exposure to low-frequency ship noise may be associated with chronic stress in whales, and has implications for all baleen whales in heavy ship traffic areas, and for recovery of this endangered right whale population.
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              Dynamics of two populations of the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski)

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Resources
                Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                7 May 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 5
                : e0231577
                Affiliations
                [1 ] South Australian Research and Development Institute, Primary Industries and Regions South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
                [2 ] School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
                [3 ] School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
                [4 ] Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, Fife, Scotland
                [5 ] Australian Antarctic Division, Australian Marine Mammal Centre, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
                [6 ] Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon, United States of America
                [7 ] Deceased, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool DC, Western Australia, Australia
                [8 ] New Zealand Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand
                [9 ] Marine Conservation Program, Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
                [10 ] Killer Whales Australia, Box Hill, South Victoria, Australia
                [11 ] Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
                [12 ] Department of Environment & Water, Port Lincoln, South Australia, Australia
                [13 ] Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway
                [14 ] Cetacean Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution Lab, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
                [15 ] Blue Planet Marine, Nelson, New Zealand
                Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CHINA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2837-3760
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4609-7317
                Article
                PONE-D-19-26921
                10.1371/journal.pone.0231577
                7205476
                32380516
                b987c7f7-f9d2-4b23-b9aa-18e20c4b626c
                © 2020 Mackay et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 25 September 2019
                : 26 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 1, Pages: 20
                Funding
                Funded by: Australian Marine Mammal Centre
                Award ID: 13/45
                Funded by: Princess Melikoff Trust Marine Conservation program
                Award Recipient : Kris Carlyon
                Australian Marine Mammal Center Grant 13/48 AIM, SDG, DH, AL http://www.marinemammals.gov.au/ The Australian Marine Mammal Center was involved in study design and anlaysis through the involvement in the project by AMMC staff, Dr Mike Double and Dr Virgina Andrews-Goff Princess Melikoff Trust Marine Mammal Conservation Program KC New Zealand Department of Conservation SC
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                Custom metadata
                Andrews-Goff, V., Double, M., Mackay, A., Bailleul, F. (2019, updated 2019) Argos location data for southern right whales satellite tagged off New Zealand and South Australia Australian Antarctic Data Centre - doi: 10.26179/5d37c13fe2ff4.

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