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      A list of bees from three locations in the Northern Rockies Ecoregion (NRE) of western Montana

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          Abstract

          Abstract
          Background

          Wild bees that were collected in conjunction with a larger study are presented as a checklist of species for the Northern Rockies Ecoregion of Montana, USA. Over the course of four field seasons (2013-2016), 281 species and morphospecies in 32 genera and five families were collected using insect nets, and identified. This paper addresses the distinct lack of studies monitoring bee species in Montana and contributes to a basic understanding of fauna in the northern Rocky Mountains.

          New information

          With this study, the number of known bee species in Montana increases by at least six species, from 366 ( Kuhlman and Burrows 2017) to 372. Though literature was not reviewed for all the species on this checklist, published records in Montana revealed no listings for Andrena saccata Viereck; Anthidiellum notatum robertsoni (Cockerell); Ashmeadiella meliloti (Cockerell); Ashmeadiella pronitens (Cockerell); Colletes lutzi lutzi Timberlake; and Dioxys productus (Cresson).

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          Most cited references51

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          A meta-analysis of bees' responses to anthropogenic disturbance

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            Impacts of neonicotinoid use on long-term population changes in wild bees in England

            Wild bee declines have been ascribed in part to neonicotinoid insecticides. While short-term laboratory studies on commercially bred species (principally honeybees and bumblebees) have identified sub-lethal effects, there is no strong evidence linking these insecticides to losses of the majority of wild bee species. We relate 18 years of UK national wild bee distribution data for 62 species to amounts of neonicotinoid use in oilseed rape. Using a multi-species dynamic Bayesian occupancy analysis, we find evidence of increased population extinction rates in response to neonicotinoid seed treatment use on oilseed rape. Species foraging on oilseed rape benefit from the cover of this crop, but were on average three times more negatively affected by exposure to neonicotinoids than non-crop foragers. Our results suggest that sub-lethal effects of neonicotinoids could scale up to cause losses of bee biodiversity. Restrictions on neonicotinoid use may reduce population declines.
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              A meta-analysis of bees' responses to anthropogenic disturbance.

              Pollinators may be declining globally, a matter of concern because animal pollination is required by most of the world's plant species, including many crop plants. Human land use and the loss of native habitats is thought to be an important driver of decline for wild, native pollinators, yet the findings of published studies on this topic have never been quantitatively synthesized. Here we use meta-analysis to synthesize the literature on how bees, the most important group of pollinators, are affected by human disturbances such as habitat loss, grazing, logging, and agriculture. We obtained 130 effect sizes from 54 published studies recording bee abundance and/or species richness as a function of human disturbance. Both bee abundance and species richness were significantly, negatively affected by disturbance. However, the magnitude of the effects was not large. Furthermore, the only disturbance type showing a significant negative effect, habitat loss and fragmentation, was statistically significant only in systems where very little natural habitat remains. Therefore, it would be premature to draw conclusions about habitat loss having caused global pollinator decline without first assessing the extent to which the existing studies represent the status of global ecosystems. Future pollinator declines seem likely given forecasts of increasing land-use change.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Biodivers Data J
                Biodivers Data J
                Biodiversity Data Journal
                Biodiversity Data Journal
                Biodiversity Data Journal
                Pensoft Publishers
                1314-2828
                2018
                30 October 2018
                : 6
                : e27161
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, United States of America Department of Ecology, Montana State University Bozeman United States of America
                [2 ] USDA-ARS Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Logan, United States of America USDA-ARS Pollinating Insects Research Unit Logan United States of America
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Elizabeth G. Reese ( elizabeth.reese1@ 123456montana.edu ).

                Academic editor: Yasen Mutafchiev

                Article
                Biodiversity Data Journal 7548
                10.3897/BDJ.6.e27161
                6220116
                30425605
                b9a6931c-3532-4226-b8f5-96de98b451e7
                Elizabeth Reese, Laura Burkle, Casey Delphia, Terry Griswold

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 02 June 2018
                : 16 October 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, References: 66
                Categories
                Taxonomic Paper
                Animalia
                Arthropoda
                Invertebrata
                Hymenoptera
                Apoidea
                Hexapoda
                Insecta
                Systematics
                Catalogues and Checklists
                Neogene
                Western USA and Western Canada
                Montana and Idaho and Wyoming
                Rockies
                North America
                USA and Canada
                Americas

                apoidea ,wild bees,biodiversity,pollinator,montana,rocky mountains,northern rockies ecoregion

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