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      Quality of life in swallowing of the elderly patients affected by stroke Translated title: Qualidade de vida relacionada à deglutição de idosos acometidos por acidente vascular encefálico

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT BACKGROUND The elderly population faces many difficulties as a result of the aging process. Conceptualize and evaluate their life quality is a challenge, being hard to characterize the impact on daily activities and on functional capacity. The stroke is one of the most disabling neurological diseases, becoming a public health problem. As an aggravating result, there is dysphagia, a disorder that compromises the progression of the food from the mouth to the stomach, causing clinical complications to the individual. OBJECTIVE Characterize the life quality of the elderly swallowing affected by stroke. METHODS Cross-sectional study conducted at the University Hospital, attended by 35 elderly with stroke, being 19 women and 16 men, with age between 60 and 90 years old, that self-reported satisfactory overall clinical picture. It was applied the Quality of Life Swallowing protocol. The data were statistically analyzed, by means of ANOVA tests, Spearman correlation, t test, with significance level of 5%. RESULTS The mean age was 69.5 years; as for the scores obtained by the 35 participants in the 11 domains of the protocol, it was observed a change in score indicating severe to moderate impact in quality of life related to self-reported swallowing (31.8% to 59.5%); the domain that most interfered was the feeding time (31.8%). CONCLUSION Elderly affected by stroke that present dysphagia has low scores in quality of life related to swallowing.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO CONTEXTO A população idosa enfrenta dificuldades diversas em consequência do processo de envelhecimento. Conceituar e avaliar sua qualidade de vida é um desafio, sendo difícil caracterizar o impacto que provoca em atividades diárias e na capacidade funcional. O acidente vascular encefálico é uma das doenças neurológicas mais incapacitantes, constituindo-se um problema de saúde pública. Como consequência agravante, tem-se a disfagia, desordem que compromete a progressão do alimento da boca ao estômago, acarretando complicações clínicas para o indivíduo. OBJETIVO Caracterizar a qualidade de vida em deglutição de idosos acometidos por acidente vascular encefálico. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal realizado no Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley, em que participaram 35 idosos com acidente vascular encefálico, sendo 19 mulheres e 16 homens, com idade entre 60 e 90 anos, que autorreferiram quadro clínico geral satisfatório. Foi aplicado o protocolo Quality of Life Swallowing. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente, por meio dos testes ANOVA, Correlação de Spearman, teste t, com nível de significância P≤0,005. RESULTADOS A idade média foi 69,5 anos; quanto aos escores obtidos pelos 35 participantes nos 11 domínios do protocolo, observou-se uma variação na pontuação média, indicando impacto grave a moderado na qualidade de vida relacionada à deglutição autorreferida (31,8% a 59,5%); o domínio que mais interferiu foi o de duração de alimentação (31,8%). CONCLUSÃO Idosos acometidos por um acidente vascular encefálico que apresente a disfagia possui escores baixos na qualidade de vida relacionada à deglutição.

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          Characterizing the Mechanisms of Central and Peripheral Forms of Neurostimulation in Chronic Dysphagic Stroke Patients☆

          Background Swallowing problems following stroke may result in increased risk of aspiration pneumonia, malnutrition, and dehydration. Objective/hypothesis Our hypothesis was that three neurostimulation techniques would produce beneficial effects on chronic dysphagia following stroke through a common brain mechanism that would predict behavioral response. Methods In 18 dysphagic stroke patients (mean age: 66 ± 3 years, 3 female, time-post-stroke: 63 ± 15 weeks [±SD]), pharyngeal electromyographic responses were recorded after single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the pharyngeal motor cortex, to measure corticobulbar excitability before, immediately, and 30 min, after real and sham applications of neurostimulation. Patients were randomized to a single session of either: pharyngeal electrical stimulation (PES), paired associative stimulation (PAS) or repetitive TMS (rTMS). Penetration-aspiration scores and bolus transfer timings were assessed before and after both real and sham interventions using videofluoroscopy. Results Corticobulbar excitability of pharyngeal motor cortex was beneficially modulated by PES, PAS and to a lesser extent by rTMS, with functionally relevant changes in the unaffected hemisphere. Following combining the results of real neurostimulation, an overall increase in corticobulbar excitability in the unaffected hemisphere (P = .005, F 1,17 = 10.6, ANOVA) with an associated 15% reduction in aspiration (P = .005, z = −2.79) was observed compared to sham. Conclusions In this mechanistic study, an increase in corticobulbar excitability the unaffected projection was correlated with the improvement in swallowing safety (P = .001, rho = −.732), but modality-specific differences were observed. Paradigms providing peripheral input favored change in neurophysiological and behavioral outcome measures in chronic dysphagia patients. Further larger cohort studies of neurostimulation in chronic dysphagic stroke are imperative.
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            Correlation between laryngeal sensitivity and penetration/aspiration after stroke.

            Stroke is the most common neurological disease in adults that is associated with deglutition disorders. The presence of laryngeal sensitivity is very important in developing safe swallowing without risk of pulmonary complications. The aim of this study was to correlate laryngeal sensitivity with laryngeal penetration and tracheal aspiration after swallows of three food consistencies (puree, thickened liquid, and liquid) in poststroke individuals in the late phase. A cross-sectional clinical study was performed with 91 post-ischemic stroke individuals, with oropharyngeal dysphagia, who were in rehabilitation center treatment from 2009 to 2011. They had a mean age of 68.1 years and average time since injury was 22.6 months; 39 had injury to the right hemisphere and 52 had injury to the left hemisphere. All underwent fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing and evaluation of laryngeal sensitivity by touching the tip of the endoscope to the arytenoids and aryepiglottic folds. The linear correlation coefficient of Spearman was applied to evaluate the correlation between laryngeal penetration and tracheal aspiration and the presence/absence of laryngeal sensitivity. There was a negative correlation between the observation of penetration and tracheal aspiration and laryngeal sensitivity, with all bolus consistencies (p < 0.001 for aspiration and p ≤ 0.01 for penetration). The absence of laryngeal sensitivity determines the more frequent findings of penetration and tracheal aspiration. This sensory stimulus in the mucosa of the pharynx and larynx is an essential element for safe swallowing and its deficiency associated with altered motor activity can cause laryngeal penetration and aspiration in poststroke individuals regardless of food consistency.
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              Fatores determinantes da capacidade funcional em idosos longevos

              CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: A faixa etária que mais cresce no Brasil e no mundo é a de idosos com 80 anos e mais. Entre esses indivíduos, a prevalência de incapacidades e morbidades é maior que em outros grupos. OBJETIVOS: Investigar a influência de fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos, biológicos e de saúde, nutricionais, de relações sociais, além da autoavaliação da saúde sobre a capacidade funcional de idosos longevos (80 anos e mais). MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de base populacional, em que os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionários e medidas antropométricas. A capacidade funcional foi avaliada utilizando-se o modelo desenvolvido por Andreotti e Okuma (1999). Foram realizadas análises univariada e multivariada. RESULTADOS: Os fatores independentes associados à pior capacidade funcional foram: ter 85 anos e mais (OR=2,91), ser do gênero feminino (OR=6,09), fazer uso contínuo de cinco ou mais medicamentos (OR=2,67), não visitar parentes e/ou amigos pelo menos uma vez por semana (OR=11,91) e considerar a própria saúde pior que a de seus pares (OR=4,40). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem que a capacidade funcional está associada a uma complexa rede de fatores multidimensionais, sendo importante o desenvolvimento de ações relacionadas àqueles fatores que são passíveis de intervenção, visando propiciar melhores condições de saúde e qualidade de vida a esses indivíduos.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ag
                Arquivos de Gastroenterologia
                Arq. Gastroenterol.
                Instituto Brasileiro de Estudos e Pesquisas de Gastroenterologia - IBEPEGE; Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia Digestiva - CBCD; Sociedade Brasileira de Motilidade Digestiva e Neurogastroenterologia - SBMDN; Federação Brasileira de Gastroenterologia - FBG; Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia - SBH; Sociedade Brasileira de Endoscopia Digestiva - SOBED (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0004-2803
                1678-4219
                March 2017
                : 54
                : 1
                : 27-32
                Affiliations
                [2] João Pessoa orgnameUniversidade Federal da Paraíba orgdiv1Departamento de Fonoaudiologia Brazil
                [3] Vitória Espírito Santo orgnameUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo orgdiv1Departamento de Fonoaudiologia Brazil
                [1] João Pessoa orgnameUniversidade Federal da Paraíba Brazil
                Article
                S0004-28032017000100027
                10.1590/s0004-2803.2017v54n1-05
                28079235
                bb1734df-365a-43e3-9e86-41c63703b0c3

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 June 2016
                : 12 September 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 39, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Acidente vascular cerebral,Transtornos de deglutição,Saúde do idoso,Qualidade de vida,Stroke,Deglutition disorders,Health of the elderly,Quality of life

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