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      Methylmercury chloride damage to the adult rat hippocampus cannot be detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy

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          Abstract

          Previous studies have found that methylmercury can damage hippocampal neurons and accordingly cause cognitive dysfunction. However, a non-invasive, safe and accurate detection method for detecting hippocampal injury has yet to be developed. This study aimed to detect methylmercury-induced damage on hippocampal tissue using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Rats were given a subcutaneous injection of 4 and 2 mg/kg methylmercury into the neck for 50 consecutive days. Water maze and pathology tests confirmed that cognitive function had been impaired and that the ultrastructure of hippocampal tissue was altered after injection. The results of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that the nitrogen-acetyl aspartate/creatine, choline complex/creatine and myoinositol/creatine ratio in rat hippocampal tissue were unchanged. Therefore, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy can not be used to determine structural damage in the adult rat hippocampus caused by methylmercury chloride.

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          Chop, chop

          Arianne Heinrichs (2003)
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            Methylmercury-induced alterations in astrocyte functions are attenuated by ebselen.

            Zhaobao Yin, Eunsook Lee, Mingwei Ni … (2011)
            Methylmercury (MeHg) preferentially accumulates in glia of the central nervous system (CNS), but its toxic mechanisms have yet to be fully recognized. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that MeHg induces neurotoxicity via oxidative stress mechanisms, and that these effects are attenuated by the antioxidant, ebselen. Rat neonatal primary cortical astrocytes were pretreated with or without 10 μM ebselen for 2h followed by MeHg (0, 1, 5, and 10 μM) treatments. MeHg-induced changes in astrocytic [(3)H]-glutamine uptake were assessed along with changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ(m)), using the potentiometric dye tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE). Western blot analysis was used to detect MeHg-induced ERK (extracellular-signal related kinase) phosphorylation and caspase-3 activation. MeHg treatment significantly decreased (p<0.05) astrocytic [(3)H]-glutamine uptake at all time points and concentrations. Ebselen fully reversed MeHg's (1 μM) effect on [(3)H]-glutamine uptake at 1 min. At higher MeHg concentrations, ebselen partially reversed the MeHg-induced astrocytic inhibition of [(3)H]-glutamine uptake [at 1 min (5 and 10 μM) (p<0.05); 5 min (1, 5 and 10 μM) (p<0.05)]. MeHg treatment (1h) significantly (p<0.05) dissipated the ΔΨ(m) in astrocytes as evidenced by a decrease in mitochondrial TMRE fluorescence. Ebselen fully reversed the effect of 1 μM MeHg treatment for 1h on astrocytic ΔΨ(m) and partially reversed the effect of 5 and 10 μM MeHg treatments for 1h on ΔΨ(m). In addition, ebselen inhibited MeHg-induced phosphorylation of ERK (p<0.05) and blocked MeHg-induced activation of caspase-3 (p<0.05-0.01). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that MeHg exerts its toxic effects via oxidative stress and that the phosphorylation of ERK and the dissipation of the astrocytic mitochondrial membrane potential are involved in MeHg toxicity. In addition, the protective effects elicited by ebselen reinforce the idea that organic selenocompounds represent promising strategies to counteract MeHg-induced neurotoxicity. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              In vivo quantification of brain metabolites by 1H-MRS using water as an internal standard.

              M Stubgaard, P. Christiansen, P Gideon … (1992)
              The reliability of absolute quantification of average metabolite concentrations in the human brain in vivo by 1H-MRS using the fully relaxed water signal as an internal standard was tested in a number of in vitro as well as in vivo measurements. The experiments were carried out on a SIEMENS HELICON SP 63/84 wholebody MR-scanner operating at 1.5 T using a STEAM sequence. In vitro studies indicate a very high correlation between metabolite signals (area under peaks) and concentration, R = 0.99 as well as between metabolite signals and the volume of the selected voxel, R = 1.00. The error in quantification of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) concentration was about 1-2 mM (6-12%). Also in vivo a good linearity between water signal and selected voxel size was seen. The same was true for the studied metabolites, N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine/phosphocreatine (Cr/PCr), and choline (Cho). Calculated average concentrations of NAA, Cr/PCr, and Cho in the occipital lobe of the brain in five healthy volunteers were (mean +/- 1 SD) 11.6 +/- 1.3 mM, 7.6 +/- 1.4 mM, and 1.7 +/- 0.5 mM. The results indicate that the method presented offers reasonable estimation of metabolite concentrations in the brain in vivo and therefore is useful in clinical research.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neural Regen Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Neural Regen Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): NRR
                Title: Neural Regeneration Research
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 1673-5374
                ISSN (Electronic): 1876-7958
                Publication date (Print): 01 September 2014
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 17
                Pages: 1616-1620
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
                [2 ]Department of Radiology, Hainan Provincial Nongken Hospital, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
                [3 ]Department of Anatomy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
                [4 ]School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, USA
                [5 ]School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Yongyi Bi, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China, yongyib@ 123456aliyun.com .

                Author contributions: Lu ZY and Tian JY were responsible for the study design. Wu JW and Cheng GY implemented the experiments. Lu ZQ performed statistical analysis. Lu ZY wrote the manuscript. Bi YY instructed the experiments and supervised the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript .

                Article
                Publisher ID: NRR-9-1616
                DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.141789
                PMC ID: 4211204
                SO-VID: bb676e34-cd36-4618-a77a-7323b1555bff
                Copyright © Copyright: © Neural Regeneration Research
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date accepted : 18 June 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Technical Updates

                Keywords: nerve regeneration,proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy,methylmercury chloride,cognitive dysfunction,hippocampus,behavior,pathology,nsfc grant,neural regeneration
                Data availability:
                Keywords: nerve regeneration, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, methylmercury chloride, cognitive dysfunction, hippocampus, behavior, pathology, nsfc grant, neural regeneration

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