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      First record of the genus Venanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) in Mesoamerica, with the description of two new species from Costa Rica

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          The New World genus Venanus ( Hymenoptera : Braconidae : Microgastrinae ) is a small group of parasitoid wasps that includes two Nearctic and seven Neotropical species. Here two additional species, authored by Fernández-Triana & Whitfield, are described from Costa Rica: V. johnnyrosalesi sp. n. from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) and V. randallgarciai sp. n. from Area de Conservación Cordillera Volcanica Central. They represent the first record of the genus for Mesoamerica. A previous key to all known Venanus (Whitfield et al. 2011) is modified to include the new species. The Costa Rican species were collected at altitudes of 1,400–1,460 m, but nothing is known of their biology. DNA barcodes were obtained for both species and are included as part of the description along with extensive photos. This paper is part of a series inventorying the diversity of Microgastrinae in ACG.

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          An inexpensive, automation-friendly protocol for recovering high-quality DNA

          Natalia V. Ivanova, Jeremy deWaard, Paul Hebert (2006)
          Article 0 comments Cited 430 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, DNA barcoding, morphology, and collections.

            M. Alex Smith, Josephine J. Rodriguez, James B. Whitfield … (2008)
            We DNA barcoded 2,597 parasitoid wasps belonging to 6 microgastrine braconid genera reared from parapatric tropical dry forest, cloud forest, and rain forest in Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica and combined these data with records of caterpillar hosts and morphological analyses. We asked whether barcoding and morphology discover the same provisional species and whether the biological entities revealed by our analysis are congruent with wasp host specificity. Morphological analysis revealed 171 provisional species, but barcoding exposed an additional 142 provisional species; 95% of the total is likely to be undescribed. These 313 provisional species are extraordinarily host specific; more than 90% attack only 1 or 2 species of caterpillars out of more than 3,500 species sampled. The most extreme case of overlooked diversity is the morphospecies Apanteles leucostigmus. This minute black wasp with a distinctive white wing stigma was thought to parasitize 32 species of ACG hesperiid caterpillars, but barcoding revealed 36 provisional species, each attacking one or a very few closely related species of caterpillars. When host records and/or within-ACG distributions suggested that DNA barcoding had missed a species-pair, or when provisional species were separated only by slight differences in their barcodes, we examined nuclear sequences to test hypotheses of presumptive species boundaries and to further probe host specificity. Our iterative process of combining morphological analysis, ecology, and DNA barcoding and reiteratively using specimens maintained in permanent collections has resulted in a much more fine-scaled understanding of parasitoid diversity and host specificity than any one of these elements could have produced on its own.
            Article 0 comments Cited 235 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              DNA barcodes reveal cryptic host-specificity within the presumed polyphagous members of a genus of parasitoid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae).

              M A Smith, N. Woodley, D. Janzen … (2006)
              Insect parasitoids are a major component of global biodiversity and affect the population dynamics of their hosts. However, identification of insect parasitoids is often difficult, and they are suspected to contain many cryptic species. Here, we ask whether the cytochrome c oxidase I DNA barcode could function as a tool for species identification and discovery for the 20 morphospecies of Belvosia parasitoid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) that have been reared from caterpillars (Lepidoptera) in Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. Barcoding not only discriminates among all 17 highly host-specific morphospecies of ACG Belvosia, but it also raises the species count to 32 by revealing that each of the three generalist species are actually arrays of highly host-specific cryptic species. We also identified likely hybridization among Belvosia by using a variable internal transcribed spacer region 1 nuclear rDNA sequence as a genetic covariate in addition to the strategy of overlaying barcode clusters with ecological information. If general, these results will increase estimates of global species richness and imply that tropical conservation and host-parasite interactions may be more complex than expected.
              Article 0 comments Cited 191 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jose L Fernandez-Triana
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biodivers Data J
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biodivers Data J
                Journal ID (pmc): Biodiversity Data Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Biodiversity Data Journal
                Title: Biodiversity Data Journal
                Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 1314-2836
                ISSN (Electronic): 1314-2828
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 November 2014
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: e4167
                Affiliations
                [† ]Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, and Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Ottawa, Canada
                [‡ ]University of Illinois, Champaign, United States of America
                [§ ]Department of Integrative Biology and the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Canada
                [| ]Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USQA, United States of America
                []Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Jose L Fernandez-Triana ( jftriana@ 123456uoguelph.ca ).

                Academic editor: Marek Borowiec

                Article
                Publisher ID: Biodiversity Data Journal Other ID: 3641
                DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.2.e4167
                PMC ID: 4238065
                SO-VID: bc3d1146-f32e-4f6d-a5ce-d6d6f7c571b5
                Copyright © Jose L Fernandez-Triana, James B Whitfield, M. Alex Smith, Winnie Hallwachs, Daniel H. Janzen
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 15 October 2014
                Date accepted : 05 November 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 0, References: 16
                Categories
                Subject: Taxonomic Paper
                Subject: Braconidae
                Subject: Systematics
                Subject: Central America and the Caribbean

                Keywords: venanus ,microgastrinae,taxonomy,area de conservación guancaste,costa rica,mesoamerica
                Data availability:
                Keywords: venanus , microgastrinae, taxonomy, area de conservación guancaste, costa rica, mesoamerica

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