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      Die Rolle von Handlungszielen bei der Entstehung von Doppelaufgabenkosten

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          Abstract

          Zusammenfassung. Mehrere Dinge gleichzeitig zu tun, funktioniert oft nicht ohne Leistungseinbußen. Solche Probleme und deren Ursachen werden im Rahmen der Multitasking-Forschung untersucht. Der vorliegende Artikel thematisiert, inwiefern den Zielen von Handlungen bei der Entstehung solcher Leistungseinbußen eine kritische Rolle zukommt. Handlungsziele in Form sensorisch wahrnehmbarer Umweltveränderungen („Handlungseffekte“) spielen in der Ideomotorischen Theorie der Handlungssteuerung eine wichtige Rolle, da ihre Antizipation als der Prozess der Handlungsauswahl gesehen wird. Nach einer kurzen Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Evidenz für diese Annahme, werden Studien berichtet, die (a) dafür sprechen, dass keinerlei Leistungseinbußen entstehen, wenn eine motorische Bewegung nicht Teil einer Handlung ist, und (b) dass Handlungsziele das Ausmaß der Doppelaufgaben-Probleme bedeutend (mit–)bestimmen. Abschließend wird auf dieser Grundlage die Frage diskutiert, ob es mehrere Arten von Handlungen gibt, wie es verschiedentlich vorgeschlagen wurde. Zusammenfassend weisen die Befunde auf die wichtige Rolle von Zielen sowohl als mentale Vorläufer einer Körperbewegung im Rahmen von Handlungen, als auch bei der Entstehung von Problemen in Multitasking-Situationen hin.

          The Role of Action Goals for Dual-Task-Interference

          Abstract. Doing several things at the same time usually comes with performance costs. Such problems and their causes are investigated in multitasking research. The present article examines the role of action goals in causing these problems. According to the ideomotor theory of action control, the anticipation of action goals in the form of perceivable changes in the environment ( action effects) is the process of selecting and addressing bodily movements. After a brief summary of the major evidence for this assumption, studies are described showing (a) that no multitasking problems arise when a bodily movement is not part of an action, and (b) that action goals crucially determine the extent of multitasking problems. Finally, it is discussed whether different types of actions exist, as has been claimed. In conclusion, the summarized studies point to an important role of goals as mental antecedents of bodily movements when they are part of actions, and to their important role in causing multitasking problems.

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          Most cited references47

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          Reactions toward the source of stimulation.

          J R Simon (1969)
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            Human volition: towards a neuroscience of will.

            The capacity for voluntary action is seen as essential to human nature. Yet neuroscience and behaviourist psychology have traditionally dismissed the topic as unscientific, perhaps because the mechanisms that cause actions have long been unclear. However, new research has identified networks of brain areas, including the pre-supplementary motor area, the anterior prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex, that underlie voluntary action. These areas generate information for forthcoming actions, and also cause the distinctive conscious experience of intending to act and then controlling one's own actions. Volition consists of a series of decisions regarding whether to act, what action to perform and when to perform it. Neuroscientific accounts of voluntary action may inform debates about the nature of individual responsibility.
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              Perceptual basis of bimanual coordination.

              Periodic bimanual movements are often the focus of studies of the basic organizational principles of human actions. In such movements there is a typical spontaneous tendency towards mirror symmetry. Even involuntary slips from asymmetrical movement patterns into symmetry occur, but not vice versa. Traditionally, this phenomenon has been interpreted as a tendency towards co-activation of homologous muscles, probably originating in motoric neuronal structures. Here we provide evidence contrary to this widespread assumption. We show for two prominent experimental models-bimanual finger oscillation and bimanual four-finger tapping-that the symmetry bias is actually towards spatial, perceptual symmetry, without regard to the muscles involved. We suggest that spontaneous coordination phenomena of this kind are purely perceptual in nature. In the case of a bimanual circling model, our findings reveal that highly complex, even 'impossible' movements can easily be performed with only simple visual feedback. A 'motoric' representation of the performed perceptual oscillation patterns is not necessary. Thus there is no need to translate such a 'motoric' into a 'perceptual' representation or vice versa, using 'internal models' (ref. 29). We suggest that voluntary movements are organized by way of a representation of the perceptual goals, whereas the corresponding motor activity, of sometimes high complexity, is spontaneously and flexibly tuned in.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                pru
                Psychologische Rundschau
                Hogrefe Verlag, Göttingen
                0033-3042
                2190-6238
                2016
                : 67
                : 4
                : 237-249
                Author notes
                Juniorprofessor Dr. phil. habil. Markus Janczyk, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Fachbereich Psychologie, Abt. Kognition und Handlung, Schleichstraße 4, 72076 Tübingen, E-Mail markus.janczyk@ 123456uni-tuebingen.de
                Article
                pru_67_4_237
                10.1026/0033-3042/a000324
                bc615530-f940-4d84-adef-06acc46b4266
                Copyright @ 2016
                History
                Categories
                Originalarbeit

                Psychology
                behavioral control,action planning,Multitasking,multitasking,Handlungsplanung,action goals,dual-tasks,Doppelaufgaben,Verhaltenssteuerung,Handlungsziele

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