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      Hiperinsulinismo endógeno: revisão e seguimento de 24 casos Translated title: Endogenous hyperinsulinism: review and follow-up of 24 cases

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          Abstract

          Em decorrência do hiperinsulinismo endógeno (HHE), a hipoglicemia é diagnosticada em um indivíduo sintomático com níveis baixos de glicose plasmática, concomitante a valores elevados de insulina plasmática e peptídeo-C. Entre as causas de HHE, estão as doenças das células-b das ilhotas pancreáticas, o uso de secretagogos e a hipoglicemia autoimune. Neste artigo de revisão, estudamos 24 pacientes com hipoglicemia decorrente de hiperinsulinismo endógeno com a finalidade de descrever os aspectos de diagnóstico e tratamento. Nosso estudo mostrou que, após a realização do teste de jejum de 12h (minijejum) em três dias diferentes, todos os pacientes preencheram os critérios diagnósticos de HHE. Adicionalmente, encontramos que 11 dos 12 pacientes (91,7%) que realizaram o teste do glucagon apresentaram níveis de glicose no tempo 120 minutos menores que 50 mg/dL e inferiores ao valor basal. O teste do minijejum (3 amostras) e o teste do glucagon poderiam ser úteis para evitar a realização do jejum prolongado no diagnóstico do hiperinsulinismo endógeno.

          Translated abstract

          Hypoglycemia due to endogenous hyperinsulinism (EH) is diagnosed in a symptomatic patient with low levels of plasma glucose concomitant with elevated plasma insulin and C-peptide. Causes of EH are pancreatic islet-cells disease, use of insulin secretagogues, and autoimmune hypoglycemia. In this review, the authors studied 24 patients with hypoglycemia due to endogenous hyperinsulinism in order to describe aspects of diagnosis and treatment. Our study demonstrated that after 12 hours of fasting (mini-fasting test; at least three samples), all patients presented the diagnostic criteria for EH. Additionally, we found that 11 of 12 patients (91.7%) who underwent glucagon test achieved glucose levels less than 50 mg/dL and below baseline after 120 minutes. Mini-fasting (3 samples) and glucagon test may be useful to prevent prolonged fasting test to clarify the diagnosis of endogenous hyperinsulinism.

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          Most cited references59

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          Hypoglycemia, functional brain failure, and brain death.

          Hypoglycemia commonly causes brain fuel deprivation, resulting in functional brain failure, which can be corrected by raising plasma glucose concentrations. Rarely, profound hypoglycemia causes brain death that is not the result of fuel deprivation per se. In this issue of the JCI, Suh and colleagues use cell culture and in vivo rodent studies of glucose deprivation and marked hypoglycemia and provide evidence that hypoglycemic brain neuronal death is in fact increased by neuronal NADPH oxidase activation during glucose reperfusion (see the related article beginning on page 910). This finding suggests that, at least in the setting of profound hypoglycemia, therapeutic hyperglycemia should be avoided.
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            Hypoglycemic disorders.

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              Forty-eight-hour fast: the diagnostic test for insulinoma.

              Insulinoma causes fasting hypoglycemia due to inappropriate insulin secretion. Its diagnosis is based on demonstrating Whipple's triad during a supervised 72-h fast. For 75 yr, the 72-h fast has been the cornerstone for the diagnosis; however, it has never been critically assessed using newer assays for insulin, C peptide, and proinsulin. Thus, the aim of the current study is to assess the need for a full 72-h fast for the diagnosis of insulinoma. Patients with suspected hypoglycemia with documented glucose concentrations below 45 mg/dL were admitted to the NIH. Data obtained during the supervised fast of patients with pathologically proven insulinoma over a 30-yr period (1970-2000) were reviewed. We identified 127 patients with insulinoma. The average age of patients was 42.7 +/- 15.9 yr, with a predominance of females (62%). 107 patients had a benign tumor, 20 had malignant insulinoma, and 15 patients had multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. The fast was terminated due to hypoglycemia in 44 patients (42.5%) by 12 h, 85 patients (66.9%) by 24 h, and 120 (94.5%) by 48 h. Seven patients fasted beyond 48 h despite subtle neuroglycopenic symptoms and glucose and insulin concentrations diagnostic of insulinoma. Immunoreactive proinsulin was elevated at the beginning of the fast in 90% of 42 patients. Proinsulin in noninsulinoma, in contrast to insulinoma, patients is usually suppressible; therefore, samples taken in the suppressed state have the greatest diagnostic value. We conclude that with the current available insulin and proinsulin assays, the diagnosis of insulinoma can be made within 48 h. Thus, the 48-h fast should replace the 72-h fast in textbooks and hospital protocols as the new diagnostic standard.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                abem
                Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia
                Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab
                Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (São Paulo )
                1677-9487
                March 2012
                : 56
                : 2
                : 83-95
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Pará Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0004-27302012000200001
                10.1590/S0004-27302012000200001
                bc72e5cb-0163-40b6-9e58-e746223db2fc

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0004-2730&lng=en
                Categories
                ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM

                Endocrinology & Diabetes
                Hyperinsulinism,insulinoma,hypoglycemia,pancreas,Hiperinsulinismo,hipoglicemia,pâncreas

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