Aprendizaje en microempresas de Baja California

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Abstract

La estructura empresarial en México se ha caracterizado por la presencia de microempresas. con énfasis en las conformadas por dos empleados como máximo, representando, en 2008, 65% de los establecimientos y 18% del empleo. Esto las convierte en un elemento sensible para equilibrar procesos de equidad y mejorar los niveles de bienestar de sus integrantes. En este trabajo se analiza el desempeño de un grupo de 227 microempresas del estado de Baja California. Para ello se ha considerado una aplicación práctica del modelo de curva de aprendizaje relacionado con los rendimientos a escala que exhiben. Los resultados indican que en 48% de los casos hay evidencia de procesos de aprendizaje y 58% presenta rendimientos crecientes a escala. Lo anterior permite evaluar el potencial de desarrollo de las microempresas y podría encaminar el diseño y puesta en marcha de programas que fomenten dinámicas de aprendizaje y su consolidación en el mercado.

Translated abstract

Mexico's business structure has been characterized by the presence of microenterprises, particularly those averaging two workers, representing 65% of establishments in 2008 and 18% of employment. This makes them important for equity and welfare improvement of their members. This paper analyzes the performance of a group of 227 microenterprises in the state of Baja California, by the use of a practical application of the concept of learning curve arranged to incorporate returns to scale. The results indicate that in 48% of cases there is evidence of learning processes and 58% exhibited increasing returns to scale. This allows evaluating the development potential of these microenterprises and the design and implementation of proactive programs that encourage their learning and consolidation in the market.

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Most cited references 34

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Structure of nitric oxide synthase oxygenase dimer with pterin and substrate.

B. Crane, A S Arvai, D Ghosh … (1998)

Crystal structures of the murine cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase oxygenase dimer with active-center water molecules, the substrate L-arginine (L-Arg), or product analog thiocitrulline reveal how dimerization, cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin, and L-Arg binding complete the catalytic center for synthesis of the essential biological signal and cytotoxin nitric oxide. Pterin binding refolds the central interface region, recruits new structural elements, creates a 30 angstrom deep active-center channel, and causes a 35 degrees helical tilt to expose a heme edge and the adjacent residue tryptophan-366 for likely reductase domain interactions and caveolin inhibition. Heme propionate interactions with pterin and L-Arg suggest that pterin has electronic influences on heme-bound oxygen. L-Arginine binds to glutamic acid-371 and stacks with heme in an otherwise hydrophobic pocket to aid activation of heme-bound oxygen by direct proton donation and thereby differentiate the two chemical steps of nitric oxide synthesis.