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      Assessment of Radiation Dose from the Consumption of Bottled Drinking Water in Japan

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          Abstract

          Activity concentrations of 234U, 235U, 238U, 226Ra, 228Ra, 222Rn, 210Po, 210Pb, 40K, 3H, 14C, 134Cs and 137Cs were determined in 20 different Japanese bottled drinking water commercially available in Japan. The origins of the mineral water samples were geographically distributed across different regions of Japan. Activity concentrations above detection limits were measured for the radionuclides 234U, 235U, 238U, 226Ra, 228Ra and 210Po. An average total annual effective dose due to ingestion was estimated for adults, based on the average annual volume of bottled water consumed in Japan in 2019, reported to be 31.7 L/y per capita. The estimated dose was found to be below the recommended World Health Organisation (WHO) guidance level of 0.1 mSv/y for drinking water quality. The most significant contributor to the estimated dose was 228Ra.

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          Radiation dose to the Malaysian populace via the consumption of bottled mineral water

          Nur Zakirin, Khandoker Asaduzzaman, Noor Nasir … (2017)
          Article 0 comments Cited 15 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The determination of low levels of polonium-210 in environmental materials.

            Harry Flynn (1967)
            Article 0 comments Cited 14 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Japanese population dose from natural radiation.

              Yasutaka Omori, Masahiro Hosoda, Fumiaki Takahashi … (2020)
              The radiation doses from natural radiation sources in Japan are reviewed using the latest knowledge. The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and the Nuclear Safety Research Association report the annual effective doses from cosmic rays, terrestrial radiation, inhalation, and ingestion as natural sources. In this paper, the total annual effective dose from cosmic-ray exposure is evaluated as 0.29 mSv. The arithmetic mean of the annual effective dose from external exposure to terrestrial radiation is 0.33 mSv for the Japanese population using the data of nationwide surveys by the National Institute of Radiological Sciences. Previously in Japan, although three different groups have conducted nationwide indoor radon surveys using passive-type radon monitors, to date only the Japan Chemical Analysis Center (JCAC) has performed a nationwide radon survey using a unified method for radon measurements conducted indoor, outdoor, and in the workplace. Consequently, the JCAC results are used for the annual effective dose from radon and that for radon inhalation is estimated as 0.50 mSv using a current dose conversion factor. In this paper, UNSCEAR values are used for the mean indoor and outdoor thoron-progeny concentrations, and the annual effective dose from thoron is reported as 0.09 mSv. Thus, the annual effective dose from radon and thoron inhalation is 0.59 mSv. From a JCAC large-scale survey of foodstuffs, the committed effective dose from the main radionuclides in dietary intake is 0.99 mSv. Finally, the Japanese population dose from natural radiation is given as 2.2 mSv, which is similar to the reported global average of 2.4 mSv.
              Article 0 comments Cited 11 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijerph
                Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Print): 1661-7827
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 July 2020
                Publication date (Print): July 2020
                Volume: 17
                Issue: 14
                Electronic Location Identifier: 4992
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Environmental Protection Agency, Clonskeagh Square, Clonskeagh, D14 H424 Dublin 14, Ireland; K.Kelleher@ 123456epa.ie (K.K.); L.Currivan@ 123456epa.ie (L.C.)
                [2 ]Graduate School of Health Science, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan; m_hosoda@ 123456hirosaki-u.ac.jp (M.H.); r.tsuji@ 123456hirosaki-u.ac.jp (T.T.)
                [3 ]Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan; akata@ 123456hirosaki-u.ac.jp (N.A.); tokonami@ 123456hirosaki-u.ac.jp (S.T.)
                [4 ]School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; luis.leon@ 123456ucd.ie
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: A.Kinahan@ 123456epa.ie ; Tel.: +353-01-268-0100
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9797-3903
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5187-5446
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1685-8194
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6617-7402
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijerph-17-04992
                DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17144992
                PMC ID: 7400529
                PubMed ID: 32664497
                SO-VID: bcdb80cb-1da0-4eee-83ba-67b1feacb963
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 23 June 2020
                Date accepted : 08 July 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: dose assessment,japan,bottled water,guidance level,who,natural radionuclides,artificial radionuclides,effective dose,ingestion
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: dose assessment, japan, bottled water, guidance level, who, natural radionuclides, artificial radionuclides, effective dose, ingestion

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