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      As tentativas dos cognitivistas pioneiros Translated title: The tentatives of the pioneer cognitivists

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          Abstract

          O presente artigo pretende dar informações precisas sobre Oswald Külpe e sua aplicação do método experimental aos processos cognitivos. Como pensamos? As imagens perceptivas sempre são necessárias para desenvolver um pensamento? Qual a rapidez com que pensamos e como resolvemos problemas? Com o auxílio de seus alunos, dos quais vários se tornaram eminentes psicólogos, aperfeiçoou os métodos de observação e a análise dos resultados. Antes de aderir definitivamente à Psicologia, ficou dividido entre a História e a Psicologia e, apesar de usar métodos experimentais, considerou a Psicologia uma área pertencente à Filosofia. Na sua conferência de 1912, apresentou, como síntese, a existência de pensamentos sem conteúdos perceptivos, que o Eu desempenha um papel central no pensamento e que há, na solução de problemas, uma tendência dominante da tarefa. Depois de Würzburg, as escolas de Colônia, Mannheim e Amsterdã continuaram as pesquisas com novas abordagens em crianças surdo-mudas, descobrindo níveis na consciência e aplicando os novos conceitos sobre o pensamento e a solução de problemas ao ensino da escola fundamental. Foi, principalmente, este último ponto, o mais desenvolvido por Kohnstamm, acentuando a prática da leitura silenciosa como uma maneira para o pleno desenvolvimento das capacidades intelectuais das crianças.

          Translated abstract

          This paper intends to offer more exact information about Oswald Külpe and his application of the experimental method on cognitive processes. How do we think? Are perceptive images always necessary to create our thinking? What is the speed of our thinking and how do we solve problems? With the support of his students - several of them were to be eminent psychologists - he improved the methods of observation and the analysis of the results. Before joining definitively psychology, for a long time he was divided between history and psychology and even using experimental methods considered psychology as belonging to the area of philosophy. In his conference of 1912, he presented as a synthesis the existence of imageless thinking, the central role of the Ego in thinking activity and the dominant tendency of the thinking task in problem solving. After Würzburg the schools of Colonia, Mannheim and Amsterdam continued the studies with new approaches for deaf-mute children education, discovering levels of conscience and the application of the new concepts about thinking and problem solving in primary school teaching. It was mainly this last point that was further developed by Kohnstamm emphasizing the practices of silent reading as a method to reach the full development of intellectual capacities of children.

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          Estudo sobre avaliação de eficácia terapêutica em oncologia: grupo psicoeducacional "Aprendendo a Enfrentar"

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            A history of experimental psychology.

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              Human problem solving

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                epsic
                Estudos de Psicologia (Natal)
                Estud. psicol. (Natal)
                PPgPsi-UFRN (Natal )
                1413-294X
                April 2004
                : 9
                : 1
                : 5-15
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Católica Dom Bosco Brazil
                Article
                S1413-294X2004000100002
                10.1590/S1413-294X2004000100002
                bceb8439-29f9-41b5-9471-cbdc01fb42b2

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History

                pioneer cognitivists,influence of Külpe's school,start of cognitivism,pioneiros cognitivistas,influência da Escola de Külpe,início do cognitivismo

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