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      Detection of arboviruses in mosquitoes: Evidence of circulation of chikungunya virus in Iran

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          Abstract

          Mosquitoes are vectors of viruses affecting animal and human health. In Iran, the prevalence of mosquito-borne viruses remains poorly investigated. Once infected, mosquito females remain infected for all their life making virus detections possible at early steps before infections are reported in vertebrate hosts. In this study, we used a recently developed high-throughput chip based on the BioMark Dynamic arrays system capable of detecting 37 arboviruses in a single experiment. A total of 1,212 mosquitoes collected in Mazandaran, North-Khorasan, and Fars provinces of Iran were analyzed. Eighteen species were identified, belonging to five genera; the most prevalent species were Anopheles maculipennis s.l. (42.41%), Culex pipiens (19.39%), An. superpictus (11.72%), and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (10.64%). We detected chikungunya virus (CHIKV) of the Asian genotype in six mosquito pools collected in North Khorasan and Mazandaran provinces. To our knowledge, this is the first report of mosquitoes infected with CHIKV in Iran. Our high-throughput screening method can be proposed as a novel epidemiological surveillance tool to identify circulating arboviruses and to support preparedness to an epidemic in animals and humans.

          Author summary

          Mosquito-borne viruses pose a serious threat to public health worldwide. For an efficient preparedness to future emergences, an early detection of arboviruses in vector populations would be wise before animal/human cases arise. Here, we used a recently developed high-throughput chip based on the BioMark Dynamic arrays system, capable of screening various arboviruses in a single experiment. By examining 1,212 mosquitoes collected in Iran, we provide evidence that chikungunya virus is circulating in Iran.

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          Most cited references47

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          West Nile fever--a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe.

          West Nile virus causes sporadic cases and outbreaks of human and equine disease in Europe (western Mediterranean and southern Russia in 1962-64, Belarus and Ukraine in the 1970s and 1980s, Romania in 1996-97, Czechland in 1997, and Italy in 1998). Environmental factors, including human activities, that enhance population densities of vector mosquitoes (heavy rains followed by floods, irrigation, higher than usual temperature, or formation of ecologic niches that enable mass breeding of mosquitoes) could increase the incidence of West Nile fever.
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            Reemergence of chikungunya virus.

            T Morrison (2014)
            Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes acute fever and acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain in humans. Since 2004, CHIKV has caused millions of cases of disease in the Indian Ocean region and has emerged in new areas, including Europe, the Middle East, and the Pacific region. The mosquito vectors for this virus are globally distributed in tropical and temperate zones, providing the opportunity for CHIKV to continue to expand into new geographic regions. In October 2013, locally acquired cases of CHIKV infection were identified on the Caribbean island of Saint Martin, signaling the arrival of the virus in the Western Hemisphere. In just 9 months, CHIKV has spread to 22 countries in the Caribbean and Central and South America, resulting in hundreds of thousands of cases. CHIKV disease can be highly debilitating, and large epidemics have severe economic consequences. Thus, there is an urgent need for continued research into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of these infections. Copyright © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
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              Aedes albopictus as an epidemic vector of chikungunya virus: another emerging problem?

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Investigation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Methodology
                Role: Methodology
                Role: Resources
                Role: Methodology
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisition
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS Negl Trop Dis
                PLoS Negl Trop Dis
                plos
                plosntds
                PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1935-2727
                1935-2735
                30 June 2020
                June 2020
                : 14
                : 6
                : e0008135
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
                [2 ] Institut Pasteur, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
                [3 ] UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
                [4 ] Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
                DoD - AFHSB, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6890-0820
                Article
                PNTD-D-19-01465
                10.1371/journal.pntd.0008135
                7357783
                32603322
                bda2ba1f-9c17-496b-a839-498892dd60ef
                © 2020 Bakhshi et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 30 August 2019
                : 11 February 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Pages: 11
                Funding
                This work was supported by the MATI Program of the Institut Pasteur International Network “ENVIRONmental changes and MOSquito-borne diseases: the example of West Nile (Environ-MOS)”. It was also partially supported by grants from The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health (ANSES), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under ZIKAlliance Grant Agreement no. 734548 and the 2014 PTR Anses-Institut Pasteur project (N° 511) for CHIPARBO. HB, as a Ph.D. student of medical biotechnology also received scholarships from education office of IP Iran, IP Paris, and Campus France. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Infectious Diseases
                Disease Vectors
                Insect Vectors
                Mosquitoes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Species Interactions
                Disease Vectors
                Insect Vectors
                Mosquitoes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Mosquitoes
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                Viruses
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                Togaviruses
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                Chikungunya Virus
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
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                Microbial Pathogens
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                Togaviruses
                Alphaviruses
                Chikungunya Virus
                Medicine and Health Sciences
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                Togaviruses
                Alphaviruses
                Chikungunya Virus
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                Togaviruses
                Alphaviruses
                Chikungunya Virus
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                Asia
                Iran
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                West Nile virus
                Biology and life sciences
                Microbiology
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                Microbial pathogens
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                Medicine and health sciences
                Pathology and laboratory medicine
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                West Nile virus
                Biology and life sciences
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                Flaviviruses
                West Nile virus
                Biology and life sciences
                Organisms
                Viruses
                RNA viruses
                Flaviviruses
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                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Medical Microbiology
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                Dengue Virus
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                Pathogens
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                Biology and Life Sciences
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                Medicine and Health Sciences
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                Custom metadata
                vor-update-to-uncorrected-proof
                2020-07-13
                All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Infectious disease & Microbiology

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