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      Prevalencia del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad en niños de una localidad urbana Translated title: Prevalence of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity in children from an urban area

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          Abstract

          Resumen: Introducción: el objetivo es estimar la prevalencia del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad en la población infantil (6-14 años) asignada a un centro de salud. Como objetivo secundario, describir el motivo de la primera consulta, el especialista que diagnostica y realiza el seguimiento, los criterios diagnósticos, el tipo de tratamiento, efectos secundarios derivados y comorbilidad. Se intenta comprobar si la prevalencia de niños con TDAH está alrededor del 5%, como refleja la bibliografía consultada. Pacientes y métodos: se realiza un estudio descriptivo transversal mediante una revisión en conjunto, con cada pediatra responsable, de las historias clínicas de niños adscritos al centro de salud Cerro del Aire en Majadahonda (Madrid, España) (4747 niños). Resultados: se han encontrado 108 casos con trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (prevalencia del 2,28%), el 23,15% niñas y el 76,85% niños. La edad media de diagnóstico es 7,89 años. El motivo de consulta más frecuente son los problemas de aprendizaje (39,82%). El diagnóstico y seguimiento lo realizan neuropediatras en el 48,15 y 50% de los casos respectivamente. En el 64,8% de los casos el diagnóstico se realiza según los criterios del DSM-IV combinado con escalas y valoración psicopedagógica. El 63,89% recibe tratamiento farmacológico, además de psicopedagógico. El fármaco más utilizado (88,88%) es metilfenidato. El 25,25% presentaron efectos secundarios. Existe comorbilidad en un 45,37% (trastornos del aprendizaje 27,12%). Conclusiones: la prevalencia encontrada es baja, pero hay que tener en cuenta los sesgos y limitaciones del estudio. Es importante tener un protocolo de diagnóstico y tratamiento único, para registrar adecuadamente y evitar infra- o sobrediagnosticar. Un 28% de los pacientes es seguido por pediatras de Atención Primaria.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Introduction: the primary objective was to assess the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the paediatric population (ages 6-14 years) served by one primary care centre. The secondary objective was to describe the reasons for initial consultation, specialists that diagnosed and managed ADHD, the criteria used in diagnosis, the types of treatment and associated side effects, and the presence of comorbidities. We sought to determine whether the prevalence of ADHD in children was of approximately 5%, consistent with the reviewed literature. Patients and methods: we conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study through the review, in collaboration with the paediatrician in charge of each patient, of the health records of children in the catchment area of the Cerro del Aire primary care centre of Majadahonda (Madrid, Spain) (4747 children). Results: we identified 108 cases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (prevalence of 2.28%), 23.15% in girls and 76.85% in boys. The mean age at diagnosis was 7.89 years. Learning problems were the most frequent reason for consultation (39.82%). Paediatric neurologists diagnosed 48.15% of cases and managed 50% of them. In 64.8% of cases, the diagnosis was made based on the DSM-IV criteria combined with scales and a psychoeducational assessment. In 63.89% of patients, pharmacotherapy was used in combination with psychoeducational interventions. The most frequently used drug was methylphenidate (88.88%). Side effects were reported by 25.25%. There were comorbidities in 45.37% (learning disorders in 27.12%). Conclusion: we found a low prevalence of ADHD, but the biases and limitations of the study must be taken into account. The establishment of a standardised protocol for the diagnosis and management of ADHD would be important to ensure accurate documentation and avoid under- or overdiagnosis. Twenty-eight percent of patients were followed up by primary care paediatricians.

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          ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis.

          Previous studies have identified significant variability in attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) prevalence estimates worldwide, largely explained by methodological procedures. However, increasing rates of ADHD diagnosis and treatment throughout the past few decades have fuelled concerns about whether the true prevalence of the disorder has increased over time. We updated the two most comprehensive systematic reviews on ADHD prevalence available in the literature. Meta-regression analyses were conducted to test the effect of year of study in the context of both methodological variables that determined variability in ADHD prevalence (diagnostic criteria, impairment criterion and source of information), and the geographical location of studies. We identified 154 original studies and included 135 in the multivariate analysis. Methodological procedures investigated were significantly associated with heterogeneity of studies. Geographical location and year of study were not associated with variability in ADHD prevalence estimates. Confirming previous findings, variability in ADHD prevalence estimates is mostly explained by methodological characteristics of the studies. In the past three decades, there has been no evidence to suggest an increase in the number of children in the community who meet criteria for ADHD when standardized diagnostic procedures are followed.
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            Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

            Overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are widely debated, fueled by variations in prevalence estimates across countries, time, and broadening diagnostic criteria. We conducted a meta-analysis to: establish a benchmark pooled prevalence for ADHD; examine whether estimates have increased with publication of different editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM); and explore the effect of study features on prevalence.
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              The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review.

              This article describes a comprehensive meta-analysis that was conducted to estimate the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV). A systematic literature review identified 86 studies of children and adolescents (N = 163,688 individuals) and 11 studies of adults (N = 14,112 individuals) that met inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis, more than half of which were published after the only previous meta-analysis of the prevalence of ADHD was completed. Although prevalence estimates reported by individual studies varied widely, pooled results suggest that the prevalence of DSM-IV ADHD is similar, whether ADHD is defined by parent ratings, teacher ratings, or a best estimate diagnostic procedure in children and adolescents (5.9-7.1 %), or by self-report measures in young adults (5.0 %). Analyses of diagnostic subtypes indicated that the predominantly inattentive type is the most common subtype in the population, but individuals with the combined type are more likely to be referred for clinical services. Additional research is needed to determine the etiology of the higher prevalence of ADHD in males than females and to clarify whether the prevalence of ADHD varies as a function of socioeconomic status or ethnicity. Finally, there were no significant prevalent differences between countries or regions of the world after controlling for differences in the diagnostic algorithms used to define ADHD. These results provide important support for the diagnostic validity of ADHD, and argue against the hypothesis that ADHD is a cultural construct that is restricted to the United States or any other specific culture.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                pap
                Pediatría Atención Primaria
                Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria
                Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1139-7632
                December 2017
                : 19
                : 76
                : 311-320
                Affiliations
                [1] Madrid orgnameUniversidad Complutense de Madrid Spain
                [2] Majadahonda Madrid orgnameCS Cerro del Aire España
                [3] Pozuelo de Alarcón Madrid orgnameUniversidad Complutense de Madrid Spain
                [4] Madrid orgnameTécnico de Salud. Unidad Docente Multiprofesional de Atención Familiar y Comunitaria Noroeste España
                Article
                S1139-76322017000500003 S1139-7632(17)01907600003
                be668971-8a8a-417b-a0f3-4af0096a1700

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 16, Pages: 10
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
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                Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,Therapeutics,Terapéutica,Child,Prevalencia,Diagnóstico,Diagnosis.,Niño,Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad,Prevalence

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