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      Histoplasmosis con manifestaciones cutáneas en pacientes VIH/SIDA Translated title: Histoplasmosis with cutaneous manifestations in HIV/AIDS patients

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          Abstract

          Se investigó la infección cutánea por histoplasmosis en pacientes cubanos infectados con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). En un estudio de serie de casos, se incluyeron todos los pacientes VIH ingresados en el IPK con diagnóstico de histoplasmosis cutánea, en el período desde el 1ro. de enero de 1992 al 30 de junio de 2003. De los 44 pacientes que ingresaron con histoplasmosis, 52 % (23 casos) desarrolló la forma cutánea de la enfermedad, de estos últimos 100 % presentó la forma diseminada progresiva de histoplasmosis, que se comportó como una enfermedad de desgaste subaguda. Los adultos jóvenes resultaron 56,5 % y 82,6 % fueron hombres, predominantemente blancos (91,3 %). La mayoría de los casos procedían de las provincias occidentales. La histoplasmosis fue enfermedad marcadora de SIDA en 39,1 % de los casos. De los pacientes, 78,9 % presentó conteo de linfocitos T CD4+ por debajo de 200 células/mm³. Esta entidad parece comportarse como una enfermedad marcadora de SIDA de importancia en pacientes seropositivos. La serología no resultó ser un método diagnóstico de elección de esta enfermedad cutánea en pacientes con SIDA.

          Translated abstract

          Cutaneous infection by histoplasmosis in Cuban HIV patients was researched. In a case series study, all HIV patients admitted to "Pedro Kourí" Institute from January 1st, 1992 to June 30th, 2003, who had been diagnosed with cutaneous histoplasmosis, were included. Of 44 patients with histoplasmosis, 52 % (23 cases) developed the progressive disseminated form of histoplasmosis, which behaved as a subacute weakening disease. Young adults represented 56.5 % and 82.6 % were males mainly Caucasian (91.3%). Most of cases came from the Western provinces. Histoplasmosis was a marker disease in 39.1% of cases. CD4+ T-lymphocyte counting under 200 cell/mm³ was present in 78.9 % of patients. Histoplasmosis seems to behave as an important marker disease for AIDs in seropositive patients. Serology was not the diagnosing method of choice for this cutaneous disease in AIDS patients.

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          Disseminated histoplasmosis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment, and review of the literature.

          Histoplasmosis is a serious opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS, often representing the first manifestation of the syndrome. Most infections occurring within the endemic region are caused by exogenous exposure, while those occurring in nonendemic areas may represent endogenous reactivation of latent foci of infection or exogenous exposure to microfoci located within those nonendemic regions. However, prospective investigations are needed to prove the mode of acquisition. The infection usually begins in the lungs even though the chest roentgenogram may be normal. Clinical findings are nonspecific; most patients present with symptoms of fever and weight loss of at least 1 month's duration. When untreated, many cases eventually develop severe clinical manifestations resembling septicemia. Chest roentgenograms, when abnormal, show interstitial or reticulonodular infiltrates. Many cases have been initially misdiagnosed as disseminated mycobacterial infection or Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Patients are often concurrently infected with other opportunistic pathogens, supporting the need for a careful search for co-infections. Useful diagnostic tests include serologic tests for anti-H. capsulatum antibodies and HPA, silver stains of tissue sections or body fluids, and cultures using fungal media from blood, bone marrow, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and other tissues or body fluids suspected to be infected on clinical grounds. Treatment with amphotericin B is highly effective, reversing the clinical manifestations of infection in at least 80% of cases. However, nearly all patients relapse within 1 year after completing courses of amphotericin B of 35 mg/kg or more, supporting the use of maintenance treatment to prevent recurrence. Relapse rates are lower (9 to 19%) in patients receiving maintenance therapy with amphotericin B given at doses of about 50 mg weekly or biweekly than with ketoconazole (50-60%), but controlled trials comparing different maintenance regimens have not been conducted. Until results of such trials become available, our current approach is to administer an induction phase of 15 mg/kg of amphotericin B given over 4 to 6 weeks, followed by maintenance therapy with 50 to 100 mg of amphotericin B given once or twice weekly, or biweekly. If results of a prospective National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease study of itraconazole maintenance therapy document its effectiveness, alternatives to amphotericin B may be reasonable.
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            Differences in histoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the United States and Brazil.

            Demographic and clinical parameters among patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and histoplasmosis in Brazil and United States were compared. The Brazilian isolates were typed by restriction-fragment length polymorphism analysis and were DNA fingerprinted by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Skin lesions occurred in 66% of Brazilian case patients, compared with 1%-7% of US case patients. Of 21 treated case patients, 4 (19%) died, a rate similar to that of the US case patients (5%-13%). By nuclear gene typing, the Brazilian isolates were equally divided between South American classes 5 and 6, and RAPD-PCR showed 18 distinct genetic fingerprints in 20 isolates. Skin lesions are more common in infection with class 5 or 6 organisms than with class 2 Histoplasma capsulatum. The role of genetic differences in the organism as a cause for the clinical differences requires investigation.
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              Factors associated with severe manifestations of histoplasmosis in AIDS.

              We report factors associated with severe manifestations of histoplasmosis (such as shock, respiratory failure, and death) in patients with AIDS during an outbreak. Severe disease was present in 28 of 155 patients (17.9%). The following factors were associated with severe disease: black race (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-6.2); hemoglobin level 45 s (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.1-9.3); alkaline phosphatase level >2.5 times normal (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3-8.7); aspartate aminotransferase level >2.5 times normal (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.7-10.0); bilirubin level concentration >1.5 mg/dL (OR, 9.2; 95% CI, 2.5-34.3); creatinine concentration >2.1 mg/dL (OR, 8.3; 95% CI, 2.2-31.9); and albumin concentration 2.1 mg/dL (OR, 9.5; 95% CI, 1.7-52) and an albumin value <3.5 g/dL (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 1.0-22) were associated with an increased risk of severe disease, and zidovudine therapy remained associated with a decreased risk (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1-0.6). Findings associated with severe histoplasmosis should be recognized early and the cases managed aggressively.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                mtr
                Revista Cubana de Medicina Tropical
                Rev Cubana Med Trop
                Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias Médicas (Ciudad de la Habana )
                1561-3054
                August 2007
                : 59
                : 2
                : 0
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí Cuba
                Article
                S0375-07602007000200008
                bea91639-23eb-4be4-a006-27fd15062427

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI (journal page): http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0375-0760&lng=en
                Categories
                TROPICAL MEDICINE

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Histoplasmosis,AIDS,cutaneous histoplasmosis,opportunistic diseases,Cuba,SIDA,histoplasmosis cutánea,enfermedades oportunistas

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