Efectos del apoyo social percibido sobre el estrés materno y lactancia materna: Una revisión narrativa  <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Effects of perceived social support on maternal stress and breastfeeding: A narrative review </span>

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Abstract

RESUMEN Introducción: Los organismos de salud recomiendan la lactancia materna exclusiva hasta los 6 meses de vida y lactancia materna (LM) continuada hasta los 2 años de edad. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión narrativa de los efectos del apoyo social sobre el estrés materno y la LM. Método: Se realizó una revisión narrativa y no sistemática en la cual se seleccionó artículos de la literatura en PubMed, Redalyc y BVS y en páginas web de entidades como la OMS y la UNICEF. Resultados: Los resultados reflejan que el escaso apoyo social se asocia con un incremento del estrés materno e impacta en el inicio y sostenimiento de la LM. El apoyo social actúa atenuando los niveles de estrés. Conclusión: Se concluye que el apoyo social es un factor que ha de ser considerado como una estrategia para disminuir los niveles de estrés materno y la promoción de la LM. Es necesario enfatizar el importante rol de los equipos de salud en torno a la promoción de la LM, especialmente en madres que ofrecen crianza monoparental, al proveer apoyo social y formación para la lactancia.

Translated abstract

ABSTRACT Background: Health authorities recommend exclusive breastfeeding until six months of age and continued breastfeeding (BF) until two years. Objective: To conduct a narrative review of the effects of social support on maternal distress and BF. Method: A narrative and non-systematic review was conducted, selecting articles from the literature in PubMed, Redalyc, BVS, and from websites of organisations such as WHO and UNICEF. Results: The results show that low social support is associated with increased maternal stress and affects the initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding. Social support acts to reduce stress levels. Conclusion: Social support is a factor to be considered as a strategy to reduce maternal stress and promote BF. It is necessary to emphasise the role of healthcare teams in promoting BF, especially among single-parent mothers, by providing social support and breastfeeding education.

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Revisiting the Stress Concept: Implications for Affective Disorders

Bruce McEwen, Huda Akil (2020)

Over the last 50 years, the concept of stress has evolved significantly, and our understanding of the underlying neurobiology has expanded dramatically. Rather than consider stress biology to be relevant only under unusual and threatening conditions, we conceive of it as an ongoing, adaptive process of assessing the environment, coping with it, and enabling the individual to anticipate and deal with future challenges. Over the last 50 years, the concept of stress has evolved significantly, and our understanding of the underlying neurobiology has expanded dramatically. Rather than consider stress biology to be relevant only under unusual and threatening conditions, we conceive of it as an ongoing, adaptive process of assessing the environment, coping with it, and enabling the individual to anticipate and deal with future challenges. Though much remains to be discovered, the fundamental neurocircuitry that underlies these processes has been broadly delineated, key molecular players have been identified, and the impact of this system on neuroplasticity has been well established. More recently, we have come to appreciate the critical interaction between the brain and the rest of the body as it pertains to stress responsiveness. Importantly, this system can become overloaded due to ongoing environmental demands on the individual, be they physical, physiological, or psychosocial. The impact of this overload is deleterious to brain health, and it results in vulnerability to a range of brain disorders, including major depression and cognitive deficits. Thus, stress biology is one of the best understood systems in affective neuroscience and is an ideal target for addressing the pathophysiology of many brain-related diseases. The story we present began with the discovery of glucocorticoid receptors in hippocampus and has extended to other brain regions in both animal models and the human brain with the further discovery of structural and functional adaptive plasticity in response to stressful and other experiences.

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Chronic Stress Promotes Cancer Development

Shirui Dai, Yongzhen Mo, Yumin Wang … (2020)

Stress is an inevitable part of life. Chronic stress on account of reasons like adversity, depression, anxiety, or loneliness/social isolation can endanger human health. Recent studies have shown that chronic stress can induce tumorigenesis and promote cancer development. This review describes the latest progress of research on the molecular mechanisms by which chronic stress promotes cancer development. Primarily, chronic stress activates the classic neuroendocrine system [the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis] and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and leads to a decline and dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus under stress. Stress hormones produced during the activation of both the HPA axis and the SNS can promote tumorigenesis and cancer development through a variety of mechanisms. Chronic stress can also cause corresponding changes in the body's immune function and inflammatory response, which is significant because a long-term inflammatory response and the decline of the body's immune surveillance capabilities are implicated in tumorigenesis. Stress management is essential for both healthy people and cancer patients. Whether drugs that limit the signaling pathways downstream of the HPA axis or the SNS can suppress chronic stress-induced cancers or prolong patient survival deserves further study.

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Developing a neurobehavioral animal model of infant attachment to an abusive caregiver.

Charlis Raineki, Stephanie Moriceau, Regina M. Sullivan (2010)

Both abused and well cared for infants show attachment to their caregivers, although the quality of that attachment differs. Moreover, the infant's attachment to the abusive caregiver is associated with compromised mental health, especially under stress. In an attempt to better understand how abuse by the caregiver can compromise mental health, we explore the neural basis of attachment in both typical and abusive environments using infant rats, which form attachments to the mother through learning her odor. Here, we hypothesize that the neural circuitry for infant attachment differs based on the quality of the attachment, which can be uncovered during stressful situations. We used infant rats to compare infant attachment social behaviors and supporting neurobiology using natural maternal odor, as well as two odor-learning attachment paradigms: odor-stroke (mimics typical attachment) and odor-.5 mA shock conditioning (mimics abusive attachment). Next, to uncover differences in behavior and brain, these pups were injected with systemic corticosterone. Finally, pups were reared with an abusive mother to determine ecological relevance. Our results suggest that the natural and learned attachment odors indistinguishably control social behavior in infancy (approach to the odor and interactions with the mother). However, with corticosterone injection, pups with an abusive attachment show disrupted infant social behavior with the mother and engagement of the amygdala. This animal model of attachment accommodates both abusive and typical attachment and suggests that pups' social behavior and underlying neural circuitry may provide clues to understanding attachment in children with various conditions of care.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): interac

Title: Interacciones

Abbreviated Title: Interacciones

Publisher: Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica (Lima, Lima, Peru )

ISSN (Print): 2411-5940

ISSN (Electronic): 2413-4465

Publication date (Print and electronic): January 2023

Volume: 9

Page: e334

Affiliations

[3] San Luis orgnameLaboratorio de investigación en Ciencias del comportamiento UNSL Peru

[1] San Luis orgnameHospital del Oeste Peru

[2] Buenos Aires orgnamePontificia Universidad Abierta Interamericana Peru

Article

Publisher ID: S2413-44652023000100017 Publisher ID: S2413-4465(23)00900000017

DOI: 10.24016/2023.v9.334

SO-VID: bf2bce37-3b4f-4736-8a14-43eadc9e19dd

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

History

Date received : 30 May 2023

Date accepted : 14 November 2023

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Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 68, Pages: 0

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Efectos del apoyo social percibido sobre el estrés materno y lactancia materna: Una revisión narrativa Translated title: Effects of perceived social support on maternal stress and breastfeeding: A narrative review

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Most cited references 67

Revisiting the Stress Concept: Implications for Affective Disorders

Chronic Stress Promotes Cancer Development

Developing a neurobehavioral animal model of infant attachment to an abusive caregiver.

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