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      Is tax funding of health care more likely to be regressive than systems based on social insurance in low- and middle-income countries? Translated title: ¿Es posible que la financiación tributaria de la salud sea más regresiva que los sistemas basados en el aseguramiento social en países de ingreso bajo y medio? Translated title: Est-il possible que le financement des systèmes de santé par des impôts soit plus régressif que les systèmes fondés sur l'assurance sociale dans les pays à revenu faible et moyen?

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          Abstract

          One of the main functions of health care systems is to collect enough revenue to finance health expenditures. This revenue can be obtained through different sources (taxes, social insurance contributions, out-of-pocket payments, donations), each of which has different implications in terms of equity. The equity implications of the different forms of revenue collection are an important component of health systems performance evaluation. The international evidence suggests that tax funded systems seem to be a more progressive health care financing mechanism than systems based on social insurance in low- and middle-income countries. However, progressivity results are sensitive to the choice of ability to pay measures and, therefore, policy makers must be aware of this fact when interpreting results of studies on health care financing.

          Translated abstract

          Una de las funciones principales de los sistemas de salud es recaudar recursos suficientes para financiar el gasto en salud. Estos recursos provienen de diversas fuentes (impuestos, donaciones, contribuciones a la seguridad social, gasto de bolsillo), las cuales pueden tener diferentes implicaciones en términos de equidad, componente clave en la evaluación del desempeño de los sistemas sanitarios. La evidencia internacional sugiere que en los países de ingresos bajos y medios los sistemas que recaudan los ingresos fundamentalmente vía impuestos tienden a ser más progresivos que los sistemas basados en aseguramiento. Sin embargo, este resultado depende de la medida de capacidad de pago elegida y, por lo tanto, los responsables de tomar decisiones deben tener en cuenta este hecho al interpretar los resultados de los estudios sobre la progresividad en el financiamiento de los sistemas de salud.

          Translated abstract

          L'une des principales fonctions des systèmes de santé est celui de collecter des fonds suffisamment pour financer les dépenses de santé. Ces fonds ont une diversité des sources (taxes, contributions de sécurité sociale, dépenses de poche, donations), lesquels peuvent avoir des implications en termes d'équité, ce qui constitue un élément clé dans l'évaluation de la performance des systèmes de santé. L'expérience internationale montre que les pays à faible revenu et les pays à revenu moyens qui ont des systèmes de santé financés par les impôts, sont plus progressistes par rapport aux systèmes de santé financés par l'assurance sociale. Toutefois, ce résultat dépend de la mesure choisie entant que capacité de paiement. Par conséquent, les responsables de la politique de santé doivent avoir très présent ce fait lors de leur interprétation des résultats des études concernant la progressivité dans le financement des systèmes de santé.

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          Most cited references28

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          Equity in the finance of health care: some further international comparisons.

          This paper presents further international comparisons of progressivity of health care financing systems. The paper builds on the work of Wagstaff et al. [Wagstaff, A., van Doorslaer E., et al., 1992. Equity in the finance of health care: some international comparisons, Journal of Health Economics 11, pp. 361-387] but extends it in a number of directions: we modify the methodology used there and achieve a higher degree of cross-country comparability in variable definitions; we update and extend the cross-section of countries; and we present evidence on trends in financing mixes and progressivity.
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            Social health insurance reexamined.

            Social health insurance (SHI) is enjoying something of a revival in parts of the developing world. Many countries that have in the past relied largely on tax finance (and out-of-pocket payments) have introduced SHI, or are thinking about doing so. And countries with SHI already in place are making vigorous efforts to extend coverage to the informal sector. Ironically, this revival is occurring at a time when the traditional SHI countries in Europe have either already reduced payroll financing in favor of general revenues, or are in the process of doing so. This paper examines how SHI fares in health-care delivery, revenue collection, covering the formal sector, and its impacts on the labor market. It argues that SHI does not necessarily deliver good quality care at a low cost, partly because of poor regulation of SHI purchasers. It suggests that the costs of collecting revenues can be substantial, even in the formal sector where non-enrollment and evasion are commonplace, and that while SHI can cover the formal sector and the poor relatively easily, it fares badly in terms of covering the non-poor informal sector workers until the economy has reached a high level of economic development. The paper also argues that SHI can have negative labor market effects.
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              Who pays for health care in Asia?

              We estimate the distributional incidence of health care financing in 13 Asian territories that account for 55% of the Asian population. In all territories, higher-income households contribute more to the financing of health care. The better-off contribute more as a proportion of ability to pay in most low- and lower-middle-income territories. Health care financing is slightly regressive in three high-income economies with universal social insurance. Direct taxation is the most progressive source of finance and is most so in poorer economies. In universal systems, social insurance is proportional to regressive. In high-income economies, the out-of-pocket (OOP) payments are proportional or regressive while in low-income economies the better-off spend relatively more OOP. But in most low-/middle-income countries, the better-off not only pay more, they also get more health care.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                le
                Lecturas de Economía
                Lect. Econ.
                Universidad de Antioquia (Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia )
                0120-2596
                June 2013
                : 78
                : 229-239
                Affiliations
                [01] Medellín orgnameUniversidad de Antioquia orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Económicas Colombia
                Article
                S0120-25962013000100007 S0120-2596(13)00007807
                bf75cc8e-24bd-45cf-9776-8d6bc98056df

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 22 March 2013
                : 16 September 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 16, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Articles

                equity,progressivity,health systems financing,équité,progressivité,financement des systèmes de santé,equidad,progresividad,financiamiento de sistemas de salud

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