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      A review of the scopelocheirid amphipods (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Lysianassoidea), with the description of new taxa from Australian waters

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      Journal: Zoosystematics and Evolution
      Publisher: Pensoft Publishers

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          Abstract

          Scopelocheiridae is a small family of scavenging lysianassoid amphipods. There is a distinct shallow water group (Scopelocheirinae subfam. n.) and a distinct deep-sea group (Paracallisominae subfam. n.). We catalogue three genera and eight species in the scopelocheirines and move Scopelocheirus onagawae Takekawa & Ishimaru, 2000 to the genus Aroui. The deep-sea paracallisomines are not often collected and consequently their morphological diversity is not well understood. We catalogue seven genera and 15 species. We provide diagnostic descriptions and a key to all genera in the Scopelocheiridae. We describe two new genera, Austrocallisoma gen. n. and Tayabasa gen. n., and three new species from Australian waters, Austrocallisoma jerryi sp. n., Paracallisoma woolgoolga sp. n. and P. zivianii sp. n.

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          Deep-Sea Biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable

          Roberto Danovaro, Joan Batista Company, Cinzia Corinaldesi … (2010)
          Deep-sea ecosystems represent the largest biome of the global biosphere, but knowledge of their biodiversity is still scant. The Mediterranean basin has been proposed as a hot spot of terrestrial and coastal marine biodiversity but has been supposed to be impoverished of deep-sea species richness. We summarized all available information on benthic biodiversity (Prokaryotes, Foraminifera, Meiofauna, Macrofauna, and Megafauna) in different deep-sea ecosystems of the Mediterranean Sea (200 to more than 4,000 m depth), including open slopes, deep basins, canyons, cold seeps, seamounts, deep-water corals and deep-hypersaline anoxic basins and analyzed overall longitudinal and bathymetric patterns. We show that in contrast to what was expected from the sharp decrease in organic carbon fluxes and reduced faunal abundance, the deep-sea biodiversity of both the eastern and the western basins of the Mediterranean Sea is similarly high. All of the biodiversity components, except Bacteria and Archaea, displayed a decreasing pattern with increasing water depth, but to a different extent for each component. Unlike patterns observed for faunal abundance, highest negative values of the slopes of the biodiversity patterns were observed for Meiofauna, followed by Macrofauna and Megafauna. Comparison of the biodiversity associated with open slopes, deep basins, canyons, and deep-water corals showed that the deep basins were the least diverse. Rarefaction curves allowed us to estimate the expected number of species for each benthic component in different bathymetric ranges. A large fraction of exclusive species was associated with each specific habitat or ecosystem. Thus, each deep-sea ecosystem contributes significantly to overall biodiversity. From theoretical extrapolations we estimate that the overall deep-sea Mediterranean biodiversity (excluding prokaryotes) reaches approximately 2805 species of which about 66% is still undiscovered. Among the biotic components investigated (Prokaryotes excluded), most of the unknown species are within the phylum Nematoda, followed by Foraminifera, but an important fraction of macrofaunal and megafaunal species also remains unknown. Data reported here provide new insights into the patterns of biodiversity in the deep-sea Mediterranean and new clues for future investigations aimed at identifying the factors controlling and threatening deep-sea biodiversity.
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            Universal primers and PCR of gut contents to study marine invertebrate diets.

            L E Blankenship, A. A. Yayanos (2005)
            Determining the diets of marine invertebrates by gut content analysis is problematic. Many consumed organisms become unrecognizable once partly digested, while those with hard remains (e.g. diatom skeletons) may bias the analysis. Here, we adapt DNA-based methods similar to those used for microbial diversity surveys as a novel approach to study the diets of macrophagous (the deep-sea amphipods Scopelocheirus schellenbergi and Eurythenes gryllus) and microphagous (the bivalve Lucinoma aequizonata) feeders in the deep sea. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in conjunction with 'universal' primers amplified portions of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene for animals ingested by S. schellenbergi and E. gryllus and the 18S rRNA gene for lesser eukaryotes ingested by L. aequizonata. Amplified sequences were combined with sequences from GenBank to construct phylogenetic trees of ingested organisms. Our analyses indicate that S. schellenbergi, E. gryllus and L. aequizonata diets are considerably more diverse than previously thought, casting new light on the foraging strategies of these species. Finally, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of this technique and its potential applicability to diet analyses of other invertebrates.
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              Liparid and macrourid fishes of the hadal zone: in situ observations of activity and feeding behaviour.

              Yahya Solan, Koichi Matsumoto, Warren Bagley … (2009)
              Using baited camera landers, the first images of living fishes were recorded in the hadal zone (6000-11000 m) in the Pacific Ocean. The widespread abyssal macrourid Coryphaenoides yaquinae was observed at a new depth record of approximately 7000 m in the Japan Trench. Two endemic species of liparid were observed at similar depths: Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis in the Japan Trench and Notoliparis kermadecensis in the Kermadec Trench. From these observations, we have documented swimming and feeding behaviour of these species and derived the first estimates of hadal fish abundance. The liparids intercepted bait within 100-200 min but were observed to preferentially feed on scavenging amphipods. Notoliparis kermadecensis act as top predators in the hadal food web, exhibiting up to nine suction-feeding events per minute. Both species showed distinctive swimming gaits: P. amblystomopsis (mean length 22.5 cm) displayed a mean tail-beat frequency of 0.47 Hz and mean caudal:pectoral frequency ratio of 0.76, whereas N. kermadecensis (mean length 31.5 cm) displayed respective values of 1.04 and 2.08 Hz. Despite living at extreme depths, these endemic liparids exhibit similar activity levels compared with shallow-water liparids.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Zoosystematics and Evolution
                Abbreviated Title: ZSE
                Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
                ISSN (Electronic): 1860-0743
                ISSN (Print): 1435-1935
                Publication date Created: March 05 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): March 05 2015
                Volume: 91
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 1-43
                Article
                DOI: 10.3897/zse.91.8440
                SO-VID: c0083b83-cf21-473d-9dfc-ff2190ae4042
                Copyright © © 2015
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                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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