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      Variations in catastrophic health expenditure estimates from household surveys in India

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          Abstract

          Objective To assess the comparability of out-of-pocket (OOP) payment and catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) estimates from different household surveys in India. Methods Data on CHE, outpatient and inpatient OOP payments and other expenditure from all major national or multi-state surveys since 2000 were compared. These included two consumer expenditure surveys (the National Sample Survey for 2004–05 [NSS 2004–05] and 2009–10 [NSS 2009–10]) and three health-focused surveys (the World Health Survey 2003 [WHS 2003]; the National Sample Survey on Morbidity, Health Care and the Condition of the Aged 2004 [NSS 2004]; and the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health 2007–08 [SAGE 2007–08]). All but the NSS 2004–05 and the NSS 2009–10 used different questionnaires. Findings CHE estimates from WHS 2003 and SAGE 2007–08 were twice as high as those from NSS 2004–05, NSS 2009–10 and NSS 2004. Inpatient OOP payment estimates were twice as high in WHS 2003 and SAGE 2007–08 because in these surveys a much higher proportion of households reported such payments. However, estimates of expenditures on other items were half as high in WHS 2003 as in the other surveys because a very small number of items was used to capture these expenditures. Conclusion The wide variations observed in CHE and OOP payment estimates resulted from methodological differences. Survey methods used to assess CHE in India need to be standardized and validated to accurately track CHE and assess the impact of recent policies to reduce it.

          Translated abstract

          Résumé Objectif Évaluer la comparabilité des paiements directs (PD) et estimer les dépenses de santé catastrophiques (DSC) à partir de différentes enquêtes menées auprès des ménages en Inde. Méthodes Les données recueillies dans toutes les grandes enquêtes nationales ou multi-régionales depuis 2000 et portant sur les DSC, les paiements directs pour hospitalisation interne et externe et autres dépenses, ont été comparées. Parmi ces études, figurent notamment deux enquêtes portant sur les dépenses des consommateurs (l'enquête nationale pour 2004–2005 [NSS 2004–05] et pour 2009–2010 [NSS 2009–10]), et trois enquêtes axées sur la santé (l'enquête sur la santé dans le monde 2003 [WHS 2003]; l'enquête nationale sur la morbidité, les soins de santé et la condition des personnes âgées 2004 [NSS 2004]; et l'étude sur le vieillissement et la santé des adultes 2007–2008 [SAGE 2007–08]). Toutes ces enquêtes, à l'exception de la NSS 2004–05 et de la NSS 2009–10, ont utilisé des questionnaires différents. Résultats Dans les enquêtes WHS 2003 et SAGE 2007–08, les DSC étaient deux fois plus élevées que celles relevées dans les enquêtes NSS 2004–05, NSS 2009–10 et NSS 2004. Les paiements directs pour une hospitalisation interne étaient deux fois plus élevés dans les enquêtes WHS 2003 et SAGE 2007–08, car, dans ces enquêtes, une proportion beaucoup plus élevée de ménages ont déclaré ces paiements. Cependant, d'autres dépenses estimées étaient deux fois moins élevées dans l'enquête WHS 2003 que dans les autres enquêtes, car un très petit nombre de questions ont été utilisées pour rendre compte de ces dépenses. Conclusion Les grandes variations observées dans les DSC et les estimations de paiements directs résultent de différences méthodologiques. Les méthodes d'enquête utilisées pour évaluer les DSC en Inde doivent être standardisées et validées pour évaluer les DCS avec précision et mesurer l'impact des politiques récentes pour les réduire.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la comparabilidad de las estimaciones del pago por el propio paciente (OOP) y los gastos sanitarios catastróficos (CHE) a partir de distintas encuestas a hogares de la India. Métodos Se compararon los datos sobre los gastos sanitarios catastróficos (CHE), los pagos por el propio paciente (OOP) por el cuidado sanitario ambulatorio y hospitalario, así como otros gastos de las principales encuestas nacionales o plurinacionales desde 2000. Estos incluyen dos encuestas sobre los gastos de consumo (la Encuesta Nacional por Muestreo de 2004-05 [ENM 2004-05] y 2009-10 [ENM 2009-10]) y tres encuestas sobre salud (la Encuesta Mundial de Salud de 2003 [EMS 2003], la Encuesta Nacional por Muestreo de morbilidad, cuidado sanitario y de las condiciones de la tercera edad de 2004 [ENM 2004], y el Estudio sobre el Envejecimiento mundial de la población y la salud de los adultos de 2007-08 [SAGE 2007-08]). Se emplearon cuestionarios diferentes en cada una de ellas, excepto para la ENM 2004–05 y la ENM 2009–10. Resultados Las estimaciones de los gastos sanitarios catastróficos (CHE) de la EMS 2003 y del Estudio sobre el Envejecimiento mundial de la población y la salud de los adultos (SAGE) de 2007-08 fueron dos veces más altas que las de la ENM 2004-05, ENM 2009-10 y ENM 2004. Las estimaciones del pago por el propio paciente (OOP) fueron dos veces más altas en la EMS 2003 y el SAGE 2007-08 debido a que en estos estudios una proporción mucho mayor de los hogares informó acerca de dichos pagos. Sin embargo, otros gastos estimados fueron la mitad en la EMS 2003 y en las otras encuestas porque se utilizó un número muy pequeño de elementos para captar dichos gastos. Conclusión Las grandes variaciones observadas en las estimaciones de los gastos sanitarios catastróficos (CHE) y los pagos por el propio paciente (OOP) se debieron a diferencias metodológicas. Es necesario estandarizar y validar los métodos de encuesta utilizados para evaluar los gastos sanitarios catastróficos (CHE) en la India a fin de realizar un seguimiento preciso sobre dichos gastos y evaluar el impacto de las políticas recientes para reducirlos.

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          Household catastrophic health expenditure: evidence from Georgia and its policy implications

          Background To quantify extent of catastrophic household health expenditures, determine factors influencing it and estimate Fairness in Financial Contribution (FFC) index in Georgia to establish the baseline for expected reforms and contribute to the design and fine-tuning of the major reforms in health care financing initiated by the government mid-2007. Methods The research is based on the nationally representative Health Care Utilization and Expenditure survey conducted during May-June 2007, prior to preparing for new phase of implementation for the health care financing reforms. Households' catastrophic health expenditures were estimated according to the methodology proposed by WHO – Ke Xu [1]. A logistic regression (logit) model was used to predict probability of catastrophic health expenditure occurrence. Results In Georgia between 2000 and 2007 access to care for poor has improved slightly and the share of households facing catastrophic health expenditures have seemingly increased from 2.8% in 1999 to 11.7% in 2007. However, this variance may be associated with the methodological differences of the respective surveys from which the analysis were derived. The high level of the catastrophic health expenditure may be associated with the low share of prepayment in national health expenditure, adequate availability of services and a high level of poverty in the country. Major factors determining the financial catastrophe related to ill health were hospitalization, household members with chronic illness and poverty status of the household. The FFC for Georgia appears to have improved since 2004. Conclusion Reducing the prevalence of catastrophic health expenditure is a policy objective of the government, which can be achieved by focusing on increased financial protection offered to poor and expanding government financed benefits for poor and chronically ill by including and expanding inpatient coverage and adding drug benefits. This policy recommendation may also be relevant for other Low and Middle Income countries with similar levels of out of pocket payments and catastrophic health expenditures.
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            Financing health care for all: challenges and opportunities.

            India's health financing system is a cause of and an exacerbating factor in the challenges of health inequity, inadequate availability and reach, unequal access, and poor-quality and costly health-care services. Low per person spending on health and insufficient public expenditure result in one of the highest proportions of private out-of-pocket expenses in the world. Citizens receive low value for money in the public and the private sectors. Financial protection against medical expenditures is far from universal with only 10% of the population having medical insurance. The Government of India has made a commitment to increase public spending on health from less than 1% to 3% of the gross domestic product during the next few years. Increased public funding combined with flexibility of financial transfers from centre to state can greatly improve the performance of state-operated public systems. Enhanced public spending can be used to introduce universal medical insurance that can help to substantially reduce the burden of private out-of-pocket expenditures on health. Increased public spending can also contribute to quality assurance in the public and private sectors through effective regulation and oversight. In addition to an increase in public expenditures on health, the Government of India will, however, need to introduce specific methods to contain costs, improve the efficiency of spending, increase accountability, and monitor the effect of expenditures on health. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Optimal recall length in survey design.

              Self-reported data collected via surveys are a key input into a wide range of research conducted by economists. It is well known that such data are subject to measurement error that arises when respondents are asked to recall past utilisation. Survey designers must determine the length of the recall period and face a trade-off as increasing the recall period provides more information, but increases the likelihood of recall error. A statistical framework is used to explore this trade-off. Finally we illustrate how optimal recall periods can be estimated using hospital use data from Sweden's Survey of Living Conditions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra )
                0042-9686
                October 2013
                : 91
                : 10
                : 726-735
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Public Health Foundation of India India
                Article
                S0042-96862013001000726
                10.2471/BLT.12.113100
                3791647
                24115796
                c10bcf19-bd14-40c7-bfba-8348f06b9dcd

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0042-9686&lng=en
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                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Public health

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