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      The inactivation of Ascaris suum eggs by short exposure to high temperatures

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          Abstract

          Ascaris sp. is the most prominent and resilient helminth of human health importance found in faecal sludge, making Ascaris sp. an ideal index organism for inactivation testing. Heat treatment destroys helminths,allowingfor safe handling and possible reuse of sludge. Technology developmentfocuses on rapid heating to minimize equipment size and cost. This study evaluates Ascaris suum eggs' viability with short heating time. Ascaris eggs were placed in a water bath at temperatures from 60 to 80 °C for various exposure times (5 seconds to 4 minutes) and were immediately processed and analysed via light microscopy. For all samples within these temperature and time ranges, less than 10% viable eggs were recovered. For 70, 75 and 80 °C, complete inactivation was observed for exposure time of 5 seconds and above.

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          The Burden and Etiology of Diarrheal Illness in Developing Countries.

          Karen L Kotloff (2017)
          Reductions in mortality from diarrheal diseases among young children have occurred in recent decades; however, approximately 500,000 children continue to die each year. Moreover, similar reductions in disease incidence have not been seen, episodes that impact the growth and development of young children. Two recent studies, MAL-ED and GEMS, have more clearly defined the burden and cause of diarrhea among young children, identifying four leading pathogens: rotavirus, CryptosporidiumShigella, and heat stable toxin-producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Global introduction of rotavirus vaccine is poised to substantially reduce the incidence of rotavirus infection. Interventions are needed to reduce the burden that remains.
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            A long way to go – Estimates of combined water, sanitation and hygiene coverage for 25 sub-Saharan African countries

            Rachel Roche, Robert Bain, Oliver Cumming (2017)
            Background Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are essential for a healthy and dignified life. International targets to reduce inadequate WASH coverage were set under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) and now the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs, 2016–2030). The MDGs called for halving the proportion of the population without access to adequate water and sanitation, whereas the SDGs call for universal access, require the progressive reduction of inequalities, and include hygiene in addition to water and sanitation. Estimating access to complete WASH coverage provides a baseline for monitoring during the SDG period. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has among the lowest rates of WASH coverage globally. Methods The most recent available Demographic Household Survey (DHS) or Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) data for 25 countries in SSA were analysed to estimate national and regional coverage for combined water and sanitation (a combined MDG indicator for ‘improved’ access) and combined water with collection time within 30 minutes plus sanitation and hygiene (a combined SDG indicator for ‘basic’ access). Coverage rates were estimated separately for urban and rural populations and for wealth quintiles. Frequency ratios and percentage point differences for urban and rural coverage were calculated to give both relative and absolute measures of urban-rural inequality. Wealth inequalities were assessed by visual examination of coverage across wealth quintiles in urban and rural populations and by calculating concentration indices as standard measures of relative wealth related inequality that give an indication of how unevenly a health indicator is distributed across the wealth distribution. Results Combined MDG coverage in SSA was 20%, and combined basic SDG coverage was 4%; an estimated 921 million people lacked basic SDG coverage. Relative measures of inequality were higher for combined basic SDG coverage than combined MDG coverage, but absolute inequality was lower. Rural combined basic SDG coverage was close to zero in many countries. Conclusions Our estimates help to quantify the scale of progress required to achieve universal WASH access in low-income countries, as envisaged under the water and sanitation SDG. Monitoring and reporting changes in the proportion of the national population with access to water, sanitation and hygiene may be useful in focusing WASH policy and investments towards the areas of greatest need.
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              Viability of six species of larval and non-larval helminth eggs for different conditions of temperature, pH and dryness.

              C. Maya, F.J. Torner-Morales, E.S. Lucario … (2012)
              Helminth eggs are the most difficult biological parasites to inactivate in wastewater and sludge. In developing countries, in particular, they are present in high concentrations and are the cause of many diseases that impact seriously on the human population. The process conditions for affordable inactivation are very variable, leading to different inactivation efficiencies. Temperature, dryness, pH and the developmental stage of the eggs must be taken into consideration to achieve complete inactivation. The objective of this research was to study the inactivation of six species of larval and non-larval helminth eggs of medical importance in developing countries under controlled conditions of temperature, pH, dryness and contact time. Results showed considerable differences in inactivation conditions among helminth eggs and a high level of resistance was confirmed for the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum. The appropriate conditions for inactivation of all types of eggs were found by applying combinations of pH, temperature and dryness. At 45 °C it was possible to inactivate all species with a pH of 5.3 and 90% dryness within 6 days. If alkalization was applied, a pH of 12.7 was sufficient over 19 days at the same conditions of dryness and temperature. From these results it is proposed that both Ascaris spp. and Taenia solium may be used as indicators of biological contamination in wastewater and sludge.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Water Sanit Hyg Dev
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Water Sanit Hyg Dev
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JWSHD
                Title: Journal of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene for Development
                Publisher: IWA Publishing (London )
                ISSN (Print): 2043-9083
                ISSN (Electronic): 2408-9362
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 December 2018
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 19-27
                Affiliations
                [1 ] D. Naidoo (corresponding author) C. E. Archer Pollution Research Group, Howard Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
                [2 ] C. C. Appleton School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
                [3 ] G. L. Foutch School of Computing and Engineering, University of Missouri Kansas City, 64110, USA and Chemical Engineering, Howard Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: JWSHD-09-01-019
                DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2018.051
                PMC ID: 7734377
                SO-VID: c12db40d-f224-4622-9734-d28bce725818
                Copyright © © 2019 The Authors
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY 4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 13 March 2018
                Date accepted : 24 October 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Research Paper

                Keywords: ascaris suum,heat treatment,inactivation,temperature,viability
                Data availability:
                Keywords: ascaris suum, heat treatment, inactivation, temperature, viability

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