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      Genotyping and distribution of putative virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes of Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from raw meat

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          Abstract

          Background

          Acinetobacter baumannii strains with multiple antimicrobial resistance are primarily known as opportunistic nosocomial bacteria but they may also be regarded as emerging bacterial contaminants of food samples of animal origin. Here we aimed to study the molecular characteristics of the A. baumanni strains isolated from raw meat samples.

          Methods

          A total of 22 A. baumanni strains were isolated from 126 animal meat samples and were genotyped by ERIC-PCR method and by PCR detection of their virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants. A. baumannii strains with 80% and more similarities were considered as one cluster.

          Results

          Sixteen different genetic clusters were found amongst the 22 A. baumanni strains. Of the 22 strains, 12 (54.54%) had similar genetic cluster. A. baumannii strains exhibited the highest percentage of resistance against tetracycline (90.90%), trimethoprim (59.09%), cotrimoxazole (54.54%) and gentamicin (50.00%). TetA (81.81%), tetB (72.72%), dfrA1 (63.63%), aac(3)-IV (63.63%), sul1 (63.63%) and aadA1 (45.45%) were the most commonly detected antibiotic resistance genes. FimH (81.81%), afa/draBC (63.63%), csgA (63.63%), cnf1 (59.09%), cnf2 (54.54%) and iutA (50.00%) were the most commonly detected virulence factors. A. baumannii strains isolated from the chicken meat samples had the highest similarities in the genetic cluster.

          Conclusions

          A. baumannii strains with similar genetic cluster (ERIC-Type) had the same prevalence of antibiotic resistance, antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors. Genetic cluster of the A. baumannii strains is the main factor affected the similarities in the genotypic and phenotypic properties of the A. baumannii strains.

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          Most cited references34

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          Safety of raw meat and shellfish in Vietnam: an analysis of Escherichia coli isolations for antibiotic resistance and virulence genes.

          Peter J. Coloe, Christopher J Chin, H. Tran … (2008)
          This study was conducted to examine a current baseline profile of antimicrobial resistance and virulence of Escherichia coli isolated from foods commonly sold in the market place in Vietnam. E. coli were isolated from 180 samples of raw meat, poultry and shellfish and also isolated from 43 chicken faeces samples. Ninety-nine E. coli isolates recovered from all sources were selected for the investigation of their susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial agents by the disk diffusion method. Eighty-four percent of the isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics, and multi-resistance, defined as resistance to at least 3 different classes of antibiotics, was detected in all sources. The rates of multi-resistance were up to 89.5% in chicken, 95% in chicken faeces and 75% in pork isolates. Resistance was most frequently observed to tetracycline (77.8%), sulfafurazole (60.6%), ampicillin (50.5%), amoxicillin (50.5%), trimethoprim (51.5%), chloramphenicol (43.4%), streptomycin (39.4%), nalidixic acid (34.3%) and gentamicin (24.2%). In addition, the isolates also displayed resistance to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin 16.2%, norfloxacin 17.2%, and enrofloxacin 21.2%), with chicken isolates showing the highest rates of resistance to these antibiotics (52.6-63.2%). Thirty-eight multi-resistant isolates were selected for further the examination of antibiotic resistance genes and were also evaluated for virulence gene profiles by multiplex and uniplex polymerase chain reaction. The beta-lactam TEM gene and tetracycline resistance tetA, tetB genes were frequently detected in the tested isolates (84.2% and 89.5% respectively). Genes which are responsible for resistance to streptomycin (aadA) (68.4%), chloramphenicol (cmlA) (42.1%), sulfonamides (sulI) (39.5%), trimethoprim (dhfrV) (26.3%) and kanamycin (aphA-1) (23.7%) were also widely distributed. Plasmid-mediated ampC genes were detected in E. coli isolates from chicken and pork. The isolates were tested for the presence of 58 virulence genes for adhesins, toxins, capsule synthesis, siderophores, invasins and others from different E. coli pathotypes. All of the tested isolates contained at least one virulence gene and there were 16 genes detected. Virulence genes detected were fimH (92.1%), bmaE (84.2%), TSPE4.C2 (42.1%), aidA AIDA-I (orfB) (31.6%), east1 (26.3%), traT (23.7%), and others including fyuA, iutA, chuA, yjaA, iss, iroN(E. coli), ibeA, aah (orfA), iha and papG allele III (10.5-2.6%). Typical toxin genes produced by enterohemorrhagic and enterotoxigenic E. coli pathotypes (a heat-stable toxin (ST), heat-labile toxin (LT) and Shiga toxin stx1, stx2) were not detected in any of these 38 isolates. The study has revealed that E. coli in raw foods is a significant reservoir of resistance and virulence genes.
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            Antibiotic resistance genes, integrons and multiple antibiotic resistance in thirty-five serotypes of Salmonella enterica isolated from humans and animals in the UK.

            Lynda Woodward, Laura Piddock, Katrina L. Randall … (2004)
            To examine 397 strains of Salmonella enterica of human and animal origin comprising 35 serotypes for the presence of aadB, aphAI-IAB, aadA1, aadA2, bla(Carb(2)) or pse1, bla(Tem), cat1, cat2, dhfr1, floR, strA, sul1, sul2, tetA(A), tetA(B) and tetA(G) genes, the presence of class 1 integrons and the relationship of resistance genes to integrons and antibiotic resistance. Some strains were resistant to ampicillin (91), chloramphenicol (85), gentamicin (2), kanamycin (14), spectinomycin (81), streptomycin (119), sulfadiazine (127), tetracycline (108) and trimethoprim (45); 219 strains were susceptible to all antibiotics. bla(Carb(2)), floR and tetA(G) genes were found in S. Typhimurium isolates and one strain of S. Emek only. Class 1 integrons were found in S. Emek, Haifa, Heidelberg, Mbandaka, Newport, Ohio, Stanley, Virchow and in Typhimurium, mainly phage types DT104 and U302. These strains were generally multi-resistant to up to seven antibiotics. Resistance to between three and six antibiotics was also associated with class 1 integron-negative strains of S. Binza, Dublin, Enteritidis, Hadar, Manhattan, Mbandaka, Montevideo, Newport, Typhimurium DT193 and Virchow. The results illustrate specificity of some resistance genes to S. Typhimurium or non- S. Typhimurium serotypes and the involvement of both class 1 integron and non-class 1 integron associated multi-resistance in several serotypes. These data also indicate that the bla(Carb(2)), floR and tetA(G) genes reported in the SG1 region of S. Typhimurium DT104, U302 and some other serotypes are still predominantly limited to S. Typhimurium strains.
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              Detection of urovirulence factors in Escherichia coli by multiplex polymerase chain reaction.

              A Terai, Y. Takeda, K Yuri … (1995)
              Primers to amplify the genes encoding the virulence factors of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, such as pilus associated with pyelonephritis (pap), haemolysin (hly), aerobactin (aer) and cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (cnf1) genes, were designed. The above primers along with previously reported primers for S fimbriae (sfa) and afimbrial adhesin I (afaI) genes were combined to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of the respective virulence factors and for the identification of uropathogenic E. coli. The multiplex PCR to detect pap, sfa, afaI, hly, aer and cnf1 genes was highly specific and the sensitivity was found to be about 5 x 10(3) colony forming units of E. coli per ml. A total of 194 E. coli strains isolated from patients with simple acute cystitis were examined by the multiplex PCR and the results were in complete agreement with that obtained by DNA colony hybridization test. The multiplex PCR developed was, therefore, concluded to be a useful, sensitive and rapid assay system to identify uropathogenic E. coli.
              Article 0 comments Cited 81 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Marziyeh Tavakol: marziyeh.tavakol@yahoo.com
                Hassan Momtaz: +983833361064 , hamomtaz@yahoo.com , hamomtaz@iaushk.ac.ir
                Parviz Mohajeri: p_mohajeri@yahoo.com
                Leili Shokoohizadeh: Shokoohizadeh@yahoo.com
                Elahe Tajbakhsh: ee_tajbakhsh@yahoo.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Antimicrob Resist Infect Control
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Antimicrob Resist Infect Control
                Title: Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2047-2994
                Publication date (Electronic): 4 October 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 4 October 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 120
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Microbiology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, PO. Box: 166, Shahrekord, Iran
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, GRID grid.412112.5, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2012 5829, GRID grid.412112.5, Nosocomial Infection Research Center, , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, ; Kermanshah, Iran
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0611 9280, GRID grid.411950.8, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, ; Hamadan, Iran
                Article
                Publisher ID: 405
                DOI: 10.1186/s13756-018-0405-2
                PMC ID: 6172801
                PubMed ID: 30323923
                SO-VID: c1684b77-65b1-4e29-8841-c6522f4da53f
                Copyright © © The Author(s). 2018
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 17 July 2018
                Date accepted : 12 September 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2018

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: acinetobacter baumannii,eric-pcr,virulence genes,antibiotic resistance pattern,raw meat
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: acinetobacter baumannii, eric-pcr, virulence genes, antibiotic resistance pattern, raw meat

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