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      3D computed tomographic evaluation of the upper airway space of patients undergoing mandibular distraction osteogenesis for micrognathia Translated title: Valutazione mediante tomografia assiale computerizzata 3D delle vie aeree superiori di pazienti sottoposti a distrazione osteogenetica mandibolare per micrognazia

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          SUMMARY

          Mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) is currently an accepted method of treatment for patients requiring reconstruction of hypoplastic mandibles. To date one of the unsolved problems is how to assess the quantitative increase of mandible length needed to achieve a significant change in the volume of the posterior airway space (PAS) in children with mandibular micrognathia following distraction osteogenesis. The purpose of this study is to present quantitative volumetric evaluation of PAS in young patients having distraction osteogenesis for micrognathia using 3D-CT data sets and compare it with pre-operative situation. In this observational retrospective study, we report our experience in five consecutive patients who underwent MDO in an attempt to relieve severe upper airway obstruction. Each patient was evaluated before treatment (T0) and at the end of distraction procedure (T1) with computer tomography (CT) in axial, coronal, and sagittal planes and three-dimensional CT of the facial bones and upper airway. Using parameters to extract only data within anatomic constraints, a digital set of the edited upper airway volume was obtained. The volume determination was used for volumetric qualification of upper airway. The computed tomographic digital data were used to evaluate the upper airway volumes both pre-distraction and post-distraction. The mean length of distraction was 23 mm. Quantitative assessment of upper airway volume before and after distraction demonstrated increased volumes ranging from 84% to 3,087% with a mean of 536%. In conclusion, our study seems to show that DO can significantly increase the volume of the PAS in patients with upper airway obstruction following micrognathia, by an average of 5 times. Furthermore, the worse is the starting volume, the greater the increase in PAS to equal distraction.

          RIASSUNTO

          La distrazione osteogenetica mandibolare rappresenta oggi un metodo di trattamento consolidato per i pazienti affetti da ipoplasia mandibolare. Ad oggi, un problema insoluto, nei bambini affetti da micrognazia, è la modalità di valutazione del guadagno di lunghezza mandibolare necessario ad ottenere un miglioramento significativo a livello del volume dello spazio aereo posteriore (PAS). La proposta di questo studio è la valutazione volumetrica quantitativa del PAS in giovani pazienti sottoposti a distrazione osteogenetica mandibolare per severa micrognazia, attraverso l'analisi di 'data-set' di TC pre-trattamento in comparazione ai medesimi dati post-trattamento. In questo studio retrospettivo osservazionale riportiamo la nostra esperienza relativa a cinque pazienti sottoposti a distrazione osteogenetica mandibolare. Per ciascuno dei pazienti in esame, è stata valutata la TC pre-trattamento (T0) ed al termine del trattamento (T1) nei piani assiale, coronale, sagittale e 3D a livello del PAS. Utilizzando parametri di estrazione dei dati anatomici, è stato ottenuto un modello di analisi dello spazio aereo posteriore, utilizzato per comparare le differenze volumetriche quantitative a T0 e T1. La lunghezza media di distrazione ottenuta è stata di 23 mm. L'analisi volumetrica quantitativa del PAS ha mostrato un incremento di volume, al termine del trattamento, variabile dal 84% sino 3,087% (media 536%) rispetto alla situazione pre-trattamento. Concludendo, il presente studio sembra confermare che la distrazione osteogenetica incrementi in maniera significativa il volume del PAS in pazienti con ostruzione delle vie aeree dovuta alla micrognazia. La quantificazione di tale incremento appare lineare con il guadagno ottenuto grazie alla distrazione. Nella suddetta popolazione di studio, tale guadagno è stato, in media, di 5 volte rispetto al volume di partenza. Il dato da sottolineare è che tanto minore è il volume del PAS al T0, tanto maggiore risulta il guadagno volumetrico al T1.

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          Airway management in children with craniofacial anomalies.

          Craniofacial anomalies (CFA) predispose children to airway obstruction. A retrospective study was conducted to describe airway intervention required to manage patients with craniofacial syndromes and diseases involving the midface and mandible (i.e., Pierre Robin, Apert, Treacher Collins, Saethre-Chotzen, CHARGE, Nager, Stickler, Goldenhar, and Pfeiffer). The type of airway intervention, duration of intervention, and associated physical and medical conditions were evaluated. One hundred nine patients had charts available for review and met inclusion criteria. Sixty-five of these patients required airway management, most commonly in the first month of life, ranging from positioning to tracheotomy. Nineteen patients required a tracheotomy. Associated medical conditions and feeding difficulties were associated with airway obstruction. This study evaluates factors that predispose children with CFA to have airway problems that need treatment, as well as the types of airway management that are necessary.
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            Volumetric three-dimensional computed tomographic evaluation of the upper airway in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome treated by maxillomandibular advancement.

            Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome is the periodic reduction or cessation of airflow during sleep together with daytime sleepiness. Its diagnosis requires polysomnographic evidence of 5 or more episodes of apnoea or hypopnoea/hour of sleep (apnoea/hypopnoea index, AHI). Volumetric 3-dimensional computed tomographic (CT) reconstruction enables the accurate measurement of the volume of the airway. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the conventional non-surgical treatment for patients with severe disease. Operations on the soft tissues that are currently available give success rates of only 40%-60%. Maxillomandibular advancement is currently the most effective craniofacial surgical technique for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea in adults. However, the appropriate distance for advancement has not been established. Expansion of the air-flow column volume did not result in an additional reduction in AHI, which raises the important issue of how much the maxillomandibular complex should be advanced to obtain an adequate reduction in AHI while avoiding the risks of overexpansion or underexpansion. We have shown that there is a significant linear relation between increased absolute upper airway volume after advancement and improvement in the AHI (p=0.013). However, increases in upper airway volume of 70% or more achieved no further reduction in the AHI, which suggests that the clinical improvement in AHI reaches a plateau, and renders further expansion unnecessary. This gives a new perspective to treatment based on the prediction of changes in volume, so the amount of sagittal advancement can be tailored in each case, which replaces the current standard of 1cm.
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              Unusual presentation of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome due to a giant mandible osteoma: case report and literature review

              SUMMARY Osteomas are benign lesions composed of mature compact and/or cancellous bone that grow continuously. Their pathogenesis is unknown. It has been considered to be a neoplasm, a developmental or reactive osteogenic lesion resulting from muscle traction on the periosteum, or due to trauma. Herein, we report an unusual case of giant osteoma of the mandible depressing the lateral pharyngeal wall, interfering with normal respiration during the night. The uniqueness of this case is related to snoring and sleep apnoea symptoms. In fact, he presented to our Department because daytime sleepiness hindered his work, and not for the evident facial swelling. We reported our experience in diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of this uncommon disease. Polysomnography, CT scan and 3-D PAS volume analysis are useful tools to study in detail the aetiology of apnoea and assess outcomes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                Pacini
                Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica
                Pacini Editore SpA
                0392-100X
                1827-675X
                October 2015
                : 35
                : 5
                : 350-354
                Affiliations
                Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Policlinico "S. Orsola-Malpighi", University of Bologna, Italy
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Achille Tarsitano, Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, "S. Orsola" University Hospital, via G. Massarenti 9, 40100 Bologna, Italy. Tel. +39 051 6364197. E-mail: achille.tarsitano2@ 123456unibo.it
                Article
                Pacini
                10.14639/0392-100X-546
                4720923
                26824918
                c16cb171-b1b0-4dc0-85c1-e1f897f3e394
                © Copyright by Società Italiana di Otorinolaringologia e Chirurgia Cervico-Facciale

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License, which permits for noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any digital medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not altered in any way. For details, please refer to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

                History
                : 24 December 2014
                : 08 March 2015
                Categories
                Clinical Techniques and Technology

                Otolaryngology
                3d computed tomographic evaluation,pas,mandibular distraction osteogenesis,micrognathia

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