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      Evaluación de la eficiencia técnica de la atención primaria pública en el País Vasco, 2010-2013 Translated title: Technical efficiency assessment of public primary care providers in the Basque Country (Spain), 2010-2013

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: Evaluar la eficiencia técnica de las unidades de provisión de atención primaria del Servicio Vasco de Salud (Osakidetza) en el periodo 2010-2013 correspondiente al inicio del despliegue de la integración vertical en la sanidad pública vasca. Métodos: El estudio comprende 11 de las 12 unidades de provisión de atención primaria de Osakidetza en 2010-2013. La metodología empleada para la medición de la eficiencia técnica es el análisis envolvente de datos (DEA). Se utiliza la extensión DEA Windows, que permite analizar todas las unidades como si fuera un único periodo, y un modelo condicionado para incorporar el efecto de las características de la población atendida. Se utilizan las siguientes variables: como outputs, el índice de calidad basado en el cumplimiento de la oferta preferente y las tasas de hospitalizaciones evitables (output indeseable); como inputs, el número de profesionales de medicina, el número de profesionales de enfermería y el gasto en prescripciones; finalmente, como variable exógena, el índice de morbilidad. Resultados: Se observa una mejora generalizada de la eficiencia media de todas las unidades en el periodo analizado, que no es mayor en las unidades constituidas como organizaciones sanitarias integradas. Discusión: El estudio muestra la mejora de la eficiencia en atención primaria en un contexto de transformación del modelo de prestación sanitaria en el País Vasco, pero no se aprecia un mayor efecto en las unidades integradas verticalmente durante el periodo.

          Translated abstract

          Objective: To evaluate the technical efficiency of primary care units operating in the Basque Health Service during the period 2010-2013, corresponding to the implementation of a care integration strategy by health authorities. Methods: This study included 11 of the 12 primary care units in the Basque Health Service during the period 2010-2013. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to assess the technical efficiency of the units. In particular, we applied the extension DEA windows to analyse all units as if they were in a single period (33 observations) as well as a conditional model, which allowed incorporation of the effect of the characteristics of the population covered. The outputs considered were a quality index based on fulfilment of different requirements related to primary care delivery and the rate of avoidable hospitalizations (treated as an undesirable output). The inputs used were the number of physicians, the number of nurses and the costs of prescriptions. The morbidity index was included as an exogenous variable. Results The results showed that the efficiency of all the units improved during the study period. However, this improvement was not greater in the units incorporated in the integrated healthcare organisation. Discussion: In a context of global transformation of care delivery in the Basque country in the study period, primary care units increased their efficiency. However, this effect was not larger in vertically integrated primary care providers.

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          The role of primary care in preventing ambulatory care sensitive conditions.

          To examine the postulated relationship between Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSC) and Primary Health Care (PHC) in the US context for the European context, in order to develop an ACSC list as markers of PHC effectiveness and to specify which PHC activities are primarily responsible for reducing hospitalization rates. To apply the criteria proposed by Solberg and Weissman to obtain a list of codes of ACSC and to consider the PHC intervention according to a panel of experts. Five selection criteria: i) existence of prior studies; ii) hospitalization rate at least 1/10,000 or 'risky health problem'; iii) clarity in definition and coding; iv) potentially avoidable hospitalization through PHC; v) hospitalization necessary when health problem occurs. Fulfilment of all criteria was required for developing the final ACSC list. A sample of 248,050 discharges corresponding to 2,248,976 inhabitants of Catalonia in 1996 provided hospitalization rate data. A Delphi survey was performed with a group of 44 experts reviewing 113 ICD diagnostic codes (International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification), previously considered to be ACSC. The five criteria selected 61 ICD as a core list of ACSC codes and 90 ICD for an expanded list. A core list of ACSC as markers of PHC effectiveness identifies health conditions amenable to specific aspects of PHC and minimizes the limitations attributable to variations in hospital admission policies. An expanded list should be useful to evaluate global PHC performance and to analyse market responsibility for ACSC by PHC and Specialist Care.
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            Towards a taxonomy for integrated care: a mixed-methods study

            Introduction Building integrated services in a primary care setting is considered an essential important strategy for establishing a high-quality and affordable health care system. The theoretical foundations of such integrated service models are described by the Rainbow Model of Integrated Care, which distinguishes six integration dimensions (clinical, professional, organisational, system, functional and normative integration). The aim of the present study is to refine the Rainbow Model of Integrated Care by developing a taxonomy that specifies the underlying key features of the six dimensions. Methods First, a literature review was conducted to identify features for achieving integrated service delivery. Second, a thematic analysis method was used to develop a taxonomy of key features organised into the dimensions of the Rainbow Model of Integrated Care. Finally, the appropriateness of the key features was tested in a Delphi study among Dutch experts. Results The taxonomy consists of 59 key features distributed across the six integration dimensions of the Rainbow Model of Integrated Care. Key features associated with the clinical, professional, organisational and normative dimensions were considered appropriate by the experts. Key features linked to the functional and system dimensions were considered less appropriate. Discussion This study contributes to the ongoing debate of defining the concept and typology of integrated care. This taxonomy provides a development agenda for establishing an accepted scientific framework of integrated care from an end-user, professional, managerial and policy perspective.
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              Integrated care programmes for adults with chronic conditions: a meta-review

              Objective To review systematic reviews and meta-analyses of integrated care programmes in chronically ill patients, with a focus on methodological quality, elements of integration assessed and effects reported. Design Meta-review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses identified in Medline (1946–March 2012), Embase (1980–March 2012), CINHAL (1981–March 2012) and the Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews (issue 1, 2012). Main Outcome Measures Methodological quality assessed by the 11-item Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) checklist; elements of integration assessed using a published list of 10 key principles of integration; effects on patient-centred outcomes, process quality, use of healthcare and costs. Results Twenty-seven systematic reviews were identified; conditions included chronic heart failure (CHF; 12 reviews), diabetes mellitus (DM; seven reviews), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; seven reviews) and asthma (five reviews). The median number of AMSTAR checklist items met was five: few reviewers searched for unpublished literature or described the primary studies and interventions in detail. Most reviews covered comprehensive services across the care continuum or standardization of care through inter-professional teams, but organizational culture, governance structure or financial management were rarely assessed. A majority of reviews found beneficial effects of integration, including reduced hospital admissions and re-admissions (in CHF and DM), improved adherence to treatment guidelines (DM, COPD and asthma) or quality of life (DM). Few reviews showed reductions in costs. Conclusions Systematic reviews of integrated care programmes were of mixed quality, assessed only some components of integration of care, and showed consistent benefits for some outcomes but not others.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Ediciones Doyma, S.L. (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                April 2016
                : 30
                : 2
                : 104-109
                Affiliations
                [03] Erandio orgnameOsakidetza orgdiv1Centro de Salud de Astrabudua España
                [01] Badajoz orgnameUniversidad de Extremadura orgdiv1Departamento de Economía España
                [04] Sondika orgnameO+berri, Instituto Vasco de Innovación Sanitaria España
                [02] Bilbao orgnameUniversidad de Deusto orgdiv1Deusto Business School España
                Article
                S0213-91112016000200004
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2015.11.002
                26655204
                c17f4572-91f8-4869-ae2b-c95ce2eff9f0

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 June 2015
                : 01 November 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Eficiencia organizativa,Innovación organizativa,Integración de sistemas,Atención primaria,Organizational efficiency,Organizational innovation,Systems integration,Primary health care

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