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      Normas sociais e preconceito: o impacto da igualdade e da competição no preconceito automático contra os negros Translated title: Social norms and prejudice: the impact of egalitarianism and competition on the automatic prejudice against blacks

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          Abstract

          Com o objetivo de analisar o papel dos contextos de resposta no preconceito automático, realizamos três estudos. No primeiro estudo, investigamos os efeitos de dois contextos normativos (igualitário e meritocrático) sobre o preconceito automático contra os Negros. Verificou-se que o contexto meritocrático aumenta o preconceito dos participantes; mas o contexto igualitário não reduz o preconceito. No segundo estudo, investigamos que sentidos as pessoas atribuem à "igualdade". Dois sentidos principais foram encontrados: solidária e formal. Essas duas formas de igualdade foram utilizadas como priming no terceiro estudo, juntamente com contexto meritocrático. Os resultados indicaram que o contexto meritocrático torna os indivíduos mais preconceituosos. No entanto, o contexto da igualdade solidária anulou a ativação automática do preconceito contra os Negros. A igualdade formal situou-se numa posição intermediária entre os dois outros primes. Estes resultados são discutidos à luz das teorias sobre o papel das normas sociais nos processos inconscientes ou automáticos de preconceito.

          Translated abstract

          The present studies examined the effects of social norms on the automatic prejudice against Black people. Study 1 assessed the effects of egalitarianism and competitive meritocracy on automatic racial prejudice. The results showed that the competitive meritocracy context increases prejudice. But, the egalitarian context didn't reduce the prejudice. Study 2 investigated the meanings that people assign to "equality". A content analysis denoted two main social representations: equality in the law (Rights and Duties) and equality as solidarity in relationships (fraternity, respect to differences, solidarity, etc.). We named the first representation of equality as "Formal Egalitarianism" and the second as "Solidarity Egalitarianism". Those two forms of equality were used as priming in the third study, together with the competitive meritocracy norm. Results indicated that the competitive meritocracy context increased prejudiced responses. However, the solidarity egalitarianism context controlled the automatic prejudice against Blacks. Formal egalitarianism has no effect on the control of prejudice. These results support the hypothesis concerning the impact of social normative contexts on prejudice activation.

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          Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test.

          An implicit association test (IAT) measures differential association of 2 target concepts with an attribute. The 2 concepts appear in a 2-choice task (2-choice task (e.g., flower vs. insect names), and the attribute in a 2nd task (e.g., pleasant vs. unpleasant words for an evaluation attribute). When instructions oblige highly associated categories (e.g., flower + pleasant) to share a response key, performance is faster than when less associated categories (e.g., insect & pleasant) share a key. This performance difference implicitly measures differential association of the 2 concepts with the attribute. In 3 experiments, the IAT was sensitive to (a) near-universal evaluative differences (e.g., flower vs. insect), (b) expected individual differences in evaluative associations (Japanese + pleasant vs. Korean + pleasant for Japanese vs. Korean subjects), and (c) consciously disavowed evaluative differences (Black + pleasant vs. White + pleasant for self-described unprejudiced White subjects).
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            Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.

            Social behavior is ordinarily treated as being under conscious (if not always thoughtful) control. However, considerable evidence now supports the view that social behavior often operates in an implicit or unconscious fashion. The identifying feature of implicit cognition is that past experience influences judgment in a fashion not introspectively known by the actor. The present conclusion--that attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes have important implicit modes of operation--extends both the construct validity and predictive usefulness of these major theoretical constructs of social psychology. Methodologically, this review calls for increased use of indirect measures--which are imperative in studies of implicit cognition. The theorized ordinariness of implicit stereotyping is consistent with recent findings of discrimination by people who explicitly disavow prejudice. The finding that implicit cognitive effects are often reduced by focusing judges' attention on their judgment task provides a basis for evaluating applications (such as affirmative action) aimed at reducing such unintended discrimination.
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              On the Nature of Prejudice: Automatic and Controlled Processes

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                prc
                Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica
                Psicol. Reflex. Crit.
                Curso de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil )
                0102-7972
                2006
                : 19
                : 2
                : 309-319
                Affiliations
                [01] São Cristóvão orgnameUniversidade Federal de Sergipe Brasil
                [02] Salvador orgnameUniversidade Federal da Bahia Brasil
                [03] Lisboa orgnameUniversidade de Lisboa Portugal
                Article
                S0102-79722006000200018 S0102-7972(06)01900218
                10.1590/S0102-79722006000200018
                c191d664-2e9d-46f9-95f0-dacbdde4ed8c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 May 2005
                : 10 October 2005
                : 15 July 2005
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 47, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                competitive meritocracy and automatic prejudice,Egalitarianism,preconceito racial automático,competição,Igualdade

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