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      Prevalence of and Some Factors Relating with Unwanted Pregnancy, in Ahwaz City, Iran, 2010

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          Abstract

          We aimed to find the prevalence and some factors relating with unwanted pregnancy. Methods. It was a cross-sectional study on 400 randomly pregnant women, who were referring to different health centers in Ahwaz city during 2010. Data was conducted based on questionnaire, and all the analysis was performed using SPSS (version 17) statistical analysis software. Results. The prevalence of unwanted pregnancy was 26%. The percentage of unwanted pregnancy in ages more than 35 years was approximately three times more than the intended pregnancy. There were significant relationship between unwanted pregnancy and some variables such as age, number of pregnancy, number of childbirth, education status, economic status, husband's occupation, and the relationship with the spouse and contraceptive methods ( P < 0.0001). Conclusion. The prevalence of unwanted pregnancy was high. To prevent unwanted pregnancy using consultation services before planning to be pregnancy, it is necessary to identify the factors relating with unwanted pregnancy.

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          Understanding pregnancy in a population of inner-city women in New Orleans--results of qualitative research.

          John Santelli, N Schmidt, Kelly Avery-Kiejda … (2004)
          Unintended pregnancy has conventionally been defined as a pregnancy that is mistimed or unwanted, and this classification has been widely used in survey research. This study explores the utility of these constructs for women who visited a family planning clinic and a prenatal clinic in inner-city New Orleans, LA, and, by extension, for women of similar background and experience. We used semi-structured, open-ended research to explore sexual debut and history, contraceptive knowledge and use, pregnancy history, partner relations, and service use among 77 women (73 of whom were African-American). This study addresses the apparent paradox of high-risk sexual and contraceptive behavior in the presence of expressed preferences to postpone childbearing. It provides some insight into the cultural and social context in which these events and decisions take place and explores the multiple dimensions that shape women's sexual behaviors and their desires for pregnancy. The dimensions explored include perceptions of and experiences with sex/sexuality, values concerning childbearing/motherhood, relationships with partners, experiences with contraception, and attitudes toward abortion. The apparent ambivalence seen in reports of women asked whether a pregnancy was intended, such as statements that they did not want to get pregnant but were either not using contraception or using it irregularly, calls into question the idea that intendedness can be routinely and easily inferred from survey research. Correspondingly, it is not possible to simply assume that either intentionality or future intentions directly affect decisions to use contraception. The problem is that the many factors-structural and individual-affect women's preferences and ability to postpone a pregnancy or to use contraception.
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            Unintended pregnancy among the urban poor.

            Fabienne Laraque, Melanie Besculides (2004)
            This article seeks to determine the proportion of pregnancies that are unintended among poor women in New York City, compare the New York City rate to national data, and examine factors associated with unintended pregnancy in this population. Pregnancy testing data collected between June 1, 1998, and June 1, 2001, from field sites operated by the Office of Family Health, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene were analyzed. Pregnancy planning (intended vs. unintended) was examined by age group, race/ethnicity, marital status, frequency of contraceptive use, number of previous pregnancies, drug and alcohol use, and smoking. Odds ratios were calculated to determine if pregnancies were more likely to be unintended among women with certain characteristics. Logistic regression was used to examine independent risk factors for unintended pregnancy. Of the 20,518 women who had a pregnancy test during the study period, 9,406 (45.8%) were pregnant. Of the pregnancies, 82% were unintended. Marital status was the strongest predictor of unintended pregnancy, increasing the risk 2.5-fold for unmarried women. Adolescents and those who drank alcohol were also at increased risk of unintended pregnancy. The extremely high percentage of pregnancies that were unintended among the study population suggests that national unintended pregnancy rates are not representative of what occurs among low-income women in an urban setting. Unintended pregnancy interventions should be tailored for the urban poor and target unmarried, young women.
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              Unplanned pregnancies in Harare: what are the social and sexual determinants?

              Elisabeth E. L. Nyström, G Lindmark, S Chadzuka … (1997)
              A hospital-based study was undertaken in Harare, Zimbabwe to estimate the proportion of unplanned or unintended pregnancy among mothers who delivered at the referral hospital and to analyse their socio-demographic pattern and sexual relationships. A case-referent study design was used with systematic sampling of maternity records of mothers who had delivered. Interviews were performed before discharge using a semi-structured questionnaire. Mothers who reported that the index pregnancy was unplanned or unintended constituted the cases, and the referents were those reporting the pregnancy as planned. Out of 923 deliveries, 41% were unplanned and 9% unwanted. The mean age of the mothers was 25 years and women aged 19 or below [Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.5-3.2] and 35 or above (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.7-4.6) were significantly more likely to present with unplanned pregnancy. Nulliparous women (OR = 2.4) and mothers with five or more pregnancies (OR = 8.2) had a significantly increased likelihood of the pregnancy being unplanned. Level of education in the mothers studied had no independent association to planning of pregnancy. Unemployed (OR = 14) and single (OR = 7.8), or divorced/separated/widowed (OR = 5.1) women as well as those with low income (OR = 2.1) and whose partner earned no income (OR = 2.2), were more at risk of unplanned pregnancy. Those living with their own parents despite being pregnant were also more likely to report an unplanned pregnancy. In conclusion, there are documentable social and reproductive factors underlying unwanted pregnancy. Risk factors for unplanned pregnancy form a pattern similar to those for maternal mortality. Thus unplanned pregnancy is a major indicator of the presence of factors known to increase the risk of maternal death. Policy makers and health education should address factors contributing to unplanned pregnancy and its prevention in order to prevent reproductive mortality and morbidity. The presence of those factors associated with unplanned pregnancy at booking or delivery should also alert service providers to the need for appropriate contraceptive counselling as part of post delivery care.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): ISRN Obstet Gynecol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): OBGYN
                Title: ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology
                Publisher: International Scholarly Research Network
                ISSN (Print): 2090-4436
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-4444
                Publication date (Print): 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 October 2011
                Volume: 2011
                Electronic Location Identifier: 523430
                Affiliations
                1Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical School, Ahwaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz 61357-15751, Iran
                2Department of Public Health, Ahwaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz 61357-15751, Iran
                Author notes

                Academic Editors: D. Chen and J. Huber

                Article
                DOI: 10.5402/2011/523430
                PMC ID: 3205614
                PubMed ID: 22111019
                SO-VID: c1c6b9e2-a6dc-4b30-9ce6-ddd6388fc952
                Copyright © Copyright © 2011 M. Najafian et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 27 August 2011
                Date accepted : 29 September 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Obstetrics & Gynecology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Obstetrics & Gynecology

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