Role of Ginkgo biloba extract as an adjunctive treatment of elderly patients with depression and on the expression of serum S100B

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Abstract

Objective:

To explore the effect of ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) as an adjunctive treatment of elderly patients with depression and the effect on the expression of serum S100B.

Methods:

136 elderly patients with depression were divided into EGb + citalopram (Cit) group and Cit group equally. Efficacy was evaluated by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD). Wisconsin Card Classification Test (WCST) was used to evaluate cognitive function. Serum S100B expression was measured with ELISA. The relationship of S100B with HAMD, Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) score, and WCST results was evaluated subsequently.

Results:

The time of onset of efficacy was significantly shorter in EGb + Cit group. There were significant differences in HAMD and HAMA scores after treatment than before treatment between groups (all P < .05). After treatment, total number of WCST test, the number of continuous errors and non-persistent errors in both groups were less than those before treatment. The correct number and classifications number were increased than before treatment. In EGb + Cit group, correct numbers and classifications were increased, and the number of persistent errors was decreased. After treatment, S100B level was decreased, and S100B levels change in EGb + Cit group was greater than in Cit group. Serum S100B level was positively correlated with HAMD and HAMA scores before treatment and positively correlated with persistent errors number in WCST.

Conclusion:

EGb, as an adjunctive treatment, can effectively improve depressive symptoms and reduce expression of serum S100B, which is a marker of brain injury, suggesting that EGb restores neurologic function during the treatment of depression in elderly patients and S100B participates in the therapeutic mechanism. EGb combined with depressive drugs plays synergistic role, and the time of onset of efficacy is faster than single antidepressants.

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Most cited references 63

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A genomewide association study points to multiple loci that predict antidepressant drug treatment outcome in depression.

J. Hennings, Martin Kohli, Robert Rush … (2009)

The efficacy of antidepressant drug treatment in depression is unsatisfactory; 1 in 3 patients does not fully recover even after several treatment trials. Genetic factors and clinical characteristics contribute to the failure of a favorable treatment outcome. To identify genetic and clinical determinants of antidepressant drug treatment outcome in depression. Genomewide pharmacogenetic association study with 2 independent replication samples. We performed a genomewide association study in patients from the Munich Antidepressant Response Signature (MARS) project and in pooled DNA from an independent German replication sample. A set of 328 single-nucleotide polymorphisms highly related to outcome in both genomewide association studies was genotyped in a sample of the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study. A total of 339 inpatients with a depressive episode (MARS sample), a further 361 inpatients with depression (German replication sample), and 832 outpatients with major depression (STAR*D sample). We generated a multilocus genetic variable that described the individual number of alleles of the selected single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with beneficial treatment outcome in the MARS sample ("response" alleles) to evaluate additive genetic effects on antidepressant drug treatment outcome. Multilocus analysis revealed a significant contribution of a binary variable that categorized patients as carriers of a high vs low number of response alleles in the prediction of antidepressant drug treatment outcome in both samples (MARS and STAR*D). In addition, we observed that patients with a comorbid anxiety disorder combined with a low number of response alleles showed the least favorable outcome. These results demonstrate the importance of multiple genetic factors combined with clinical features in the prediction of antidepressant drug treatment outcome, which underscores the multifactorial nature of this trait.

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Toward DSM-V and the classification of psychopathology.

T A Widiger, L Clark (2000)

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) developed by the American Psychiatric Association (1994) is a compelling effort at a best approximation to date of a scientifically based nomenclature, but even its authors have acknowledged that its diagnoses and criterion sets are highly debatable. Well-meaning clinicians, theorists, and researchers could find some basis for fault in virtually every sentence, due in part to the absence of adequate research to guide its construction. Some points of disagreement, however, are more fundamental than others. The authors discuss issues that cut across individual diagnostic categories and that should receive particular attention in DSM-V: (a) the process by which the diagnostic manual is developed, (b) the differentiation from normal psychological functioning, (c) the differentiation among diagnostic categories, (d) cross-sectional vs. longitudinal diagnoses, and (e) the role of laboratory instruments.

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Long-term treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 improves symptoms and pathology in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Xu Liu, Wenlin Hao, Yiren Qin … (2015)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by extracellular deposits of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) and microglia-dominated neuroinflammation. The therapeutic options for AD are currently limited. In this study, we investigated the antiinflammatory effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 when administered to TgCRND8 AD mice, which overexpress human Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein (APP) specifically in neurons. We gave APP-transgenic mice EGb 761 as a dietary supplement for 2 or 5months. Plasma concentrations of EGb 761 components in mice were in the same range as such concentrations in humans taking EGb 761 at the recommended dose (240mg daily). Treatment with EGb 761 for 5months significantly improved the cognitive function of the mice as measured by the Barnes Maze test. It also attenuated the loss of synaptic structure proteins, such as PSD-95, Munc18-1, and SNAP25. Treatment with EGb 761 for 5months inhibited microglial inflammatory activation in the brain. The effects of treatment with EGb 761 for 2months were weak and not statistically significant. Moreover, EGb 761 activated autophagy in microglia. Treatment with EGb 761 decreased Aβ-induced microglial secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β and activation of caspase-1, both of which were abolished by the inhibition of autophagy. Treatment with EGb 761 also reduced the concentrations of NLRP3 protein that colocalized with LC3-positive autophagosomes or autolysosomes in microglia. Additionally, long-term treatment with EGb 761 may reduce cerebral Aβ pathology by inhibiting β-secretase activity and Aβ aggregation. Therefore, long-term treatment with G. biloba extract EGb 761, a clinically available and well-tolerated herbal medication, ameliorates AD pathology by antiinflammatory and Aβ-directed mechanisms.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Medicine (Baltimore)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Medicine (Baltimore)

Journal ID (publisher-id): MEDI

Title: Medicine

Publisher: Wolters Kluwer Health

ISSN (Print): 0025-7974

ISSN (Electronic): 1536-5964

Publication date Collection: September 2018

Publication date (Electronic): 28 September 2018

Volume: 97

Issue: 39

Electronic Location Identifier: e12421

Affiliations

Department of Clinical Psychology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China.

Author notes

[∗ ]Correspondence: Jian Xie, Department of Clinical Psychology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, PR China. (e-mail: xiejian201803@ 123456163.com ).

Article

Publisher ID: MD-D-18-02295 Accession ID: 12421

DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000012421

PMC ID: 6181482

PubMed ID: 30278520

SO-VID: c1fdddff-0bed-4c69-b4c3-ee362340a3c9

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

History

Date received : 29 March 2018

Date accepted : 22 August 2018

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Keywords: depression,effect,elderly,ginkgo biloba extract,hama,hamd,serum s100b,wcst

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Keywords: depression, effect, elderly, ginkgo biloba extract, hama, hamd, serum s100b, wcst

Role of Ginkgo biloba extract as an adjunctive treatment of elderly patients with depression and on the expression of serum S100B

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Most cited references 63

A genomewide association study points to multiple loci that predict antidepressant drug treatment outcome in depression.

Toward DSM-V and the classification of psychopathology.

Long-term treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 improves symptoms and pathology in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

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