Tailored dimensionality to regulate the phase stability of inorganic cesium lead iodide perovskites

Li, Faming; Pei, Yunhe; Xiao, Fei; Zeng, Tixian; Yang, Zhou; Xu, Jinjiang; Sun, Jie; Peng, Bo; Liu, Mingzhen

doi:10.1039/C8NR00758F

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Tailored dimensionality to regulate the phase stability of inorganic cesium lead iodide perovskites

Author(s): Faming Li ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Yunhe Pei ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Fei Xiao ⁶ ^, ⁷ ^, ⁸ ^, ⁴ , Tixian Zeng ⁶ ^, ⁷ ^, ⁸ ^, ⁴ , Zhou Yang ⁹ ^, ¹⁰ ^, ¹¹ ^, ⁴ , Jinjiang Xu ¹² ^, ¹³ ^, ¹⁴ ^, ⁴ , Jie Sun ¹² ^, ¹³ ^, ¹⁴ ^, ⁴ , Bo Peng ¹⁵ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ , Mingzhen Liu ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵

Publication date (Electronic): 2018

Journal: Nanoscale

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

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Abstract

Stable quasi-2D Cs _xPEA _1−xPbI ₃ perovskites were fabricated through incorporating large cations. The optimal film remained stable in the α-phase up to 250 °C.

Abstract

Inorganic CsPbI ₃ perovskites have shown promising potential for achieving all-inorganic photovoltaic (PV) devices. However, the black perovskite polymorph (α-phase) of CsPbI ₃ easily converts into yellow colour (δ-phase) in an ambient environment and it is only stable at high temperature (above 320 °C), which limits its practical application. Here we tailor the three-dimensional CsPbI ₃ perovskite into quasi-two-dimension through adding a large radius cation phenylethylammonium (PEA ⁺). The incorporation of PEA ⁺ into the CsPbI ₃ perovskite significantly improves the film morphology as well as the phase stability. An optimal Cs _xPEA _1−xPbI ₃ perovskite film remains stable in the α-phase from room temperature to 250 °C in air and yields a power conversion efficiency of 5.7% for its solar device. The concept of using large radius cations in the 3D perovskite system provides a new perspective to further enhance the phase stability while retaining the device performance.

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Tuning the Optical Properties of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals by Anion Exchange Reactions

Quinten Akkerman, Valerio D'Innocenzo, Sara Accornero … (2015)

We demonstrate that, via controlled anion exchange reactions using a range of different halide precursors, we can finely tune the chemical composition and the optical properties of presynthesized colloidal cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs), from green emitting CsPbBr3 to bright emitters in any other region of the visible spectrum, and back, by displacement of Cl– or I– ions and reinsertion of Br– ions. This approach gives access to perovskite semiconductor NCs with both structural and optical qualities comparable to those of directly synthesized NCs. We also show that anion exchange is a dynamic process that takes place in solution between NCs. Therefore, by mixing solutions containing perovskite NCs emitting in different spectral ranges (due to different halide compositions) their mutual fast exchange dynamics leads to homogenization in their composition, resulting in NCs emitting in a narrow spectral region that is intermediate between those of the parent nanoparticles.

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Inorganic caesium lead iodide perovskite solar cells

Giles E Eperon, Giuseppe M Paternò, Rebecca J. Sutton … (2015)

The vast majority of perovskite solar cell research has focused on organic–inorganic lead trihalide perovskites; herein, we present working inorganic CsPbI 3 perovskite solar cells for the first time. The vast majority of perovskite solar cell research has focused on organic–inorganic lead trihalide perovskites. Herein, we present working inorganic CsPbI 3 perovskite solar cells for the first time. CsPbI 3 normally resides in a yellow non-perovskite phase at room temperature, but by careful processing control and development of a low-temperature phase transition route we have stabilised the material in the black perovskite phase at room temperature. As such, we have fabricated solar cell devices in a variety of architectures, with current–voltage curve measured efficiency up to 2.9% for a planar heterojunction architecture, and stabilised power conversion efficiency of 1.7%. The well-functioning planar junction devices demonstrate long-range electron and hole transport in this material. Importantly, this work identifies that the organic cation is not essential, but simply a convenience for forming lead triiodide perovskites with good photovoltaic properties. We additionally observe significant rate-dependent current–voltage hysteresis in CsPbI 3 devices, despite the absence of the organic polar molecule previously thought to be a candidate for inducing hysteresis via ferroelectric polarisation. Due to its space group, CsPbI 3 cannot be a ferroelectric material, and thus we can conclude that ferroelectricity is not required to explain current–voltage hysteresis in perovskite solar cells. Our report of working inorganic perovskite solar cells paves the way for further developments likely to lead to much more thermally stable perovskite solar cells and other optoelectronic devices.